Educating Exceptional Children Chapter 5

Front 1

central processing

Back 1

Classification of a stimulus through the use of memory, reasoning, and evaluation; the second step in the information-processing model.

Front 2

cooperative learning

Back 2

The teacher gives a task to a small group of students who are expected to complete the task by working cooperatively with one another.

Front 3

developmental disabilities

Back 3

Mental retardation and related conditions (e.g., cerebral palsy) that create a substantial delay in the child's development and require intervention from many professional disciplines.

Front 4

differentiated instruction

Back 4

Refers to the changes in teacher strategies and curriculum made necessary by the characteristics of the exceptional child.

Front 5

Down syndrome

Back 5

A chromosomal abnormality that leads to mild or moderate mental retardation and, at times, a variety of hearing, skeletal, and heart problems.

Front 6

encephalitis

Back 6

Children and adults are also at risk of brain damage from viruses that produce high fevers, which, in turn, destroy brain cells.

Front 7

extrinsic motivation

Back 7

Motivating students to complete a task by promising a reward.

Front 8

intrinsic motivation

Back 8

Motivation that is internal to the student; self-motivation.

Front 9

karyotyping

Back 9

A process by which a picture of chromosomal patterns is prepared to identify chromosomal abnormality.

Front 10

mental retardation

Back 10

A combination of subnormal intelligence and deficits in adaptive behavior, manifested during the developmental period.

Front 11

phenylketonuria (PKU)

Back 11

a single-gene defect that can produce severe retardation because of the body's inability to break down phenylalanine, which when accumulated at high levels in the brain results in severe damage; can be controlled by a diet restricting phenylalnine.

Front 12

positive behavior supports (PBS)

Back 12

These are used to reduce or eliminate obnoxious nonadaptive behaviors. Combining functional analysis with modification of the environment around the child has been found to be effective.

Front 13

positive reinforcement

Back 13

The application of a positive stimulus immediately following a response.

Front 14

reciprocal teaching

Back 14

A technique in which small groups of students and teachers take turns leading a discussion.

Front 15

respite care

Back 15

The services of a trained individual to relieve the primary caregiver of a child with disabilities on a short-term basis.

Front 16

rubella

Back 16

German measles, which in the first three months of pregnancy can cause visual impairment, hearing impairment, mental retardation, and defects in the fetus.

Front 17

social learning approach

Back 17

A system designed to develop critical thinking and independent action by students.

Front 18

task analysis

Back 18

A method that breaks down comlex tasks into simpler component parts, teaches each of the components separately, then teaches them together; a procedure under which a child receives positive reinforcement for each step or part of the total task as it is completed.

Front 19

teratogen

Back 19

A substance ingested by the mother that can damage the growth and development of the fetus.

Front 20

universal design for learning (UDL)

Back 20

A variety of strategies that give all students access to the curriculum. These strategies include the use of technology to reduce the impact of sensory and learning disabilities, the incorporation of flexible entry points to allow students to begin work at a level that is appropriate to their needs, and the use of multiple instructional approaches to respond to the different learning needs and styles of the students.