Earth Science Topic 2

Front 1

5 key latitudes

Back 1

1 Arctic Circle

2 Tropic of Cancer

3 equator

4 Tropic of Capricorn

5 Antarctic Circle

Front 2

explain all about equinoxes

Back 2

Equinox means equal night. This means that everywhere gets 12 hours of Sun and 12 hours of night. The sun is right over the equator and moves exactly east to west in the sky rising and setting exactly and destruction. There's a spring equinox (March 20th / 21) and an autumnal equinox (September 22nd / 23rd)

Front 3

explaon all about solstices

Back 3

Solstices mean the sun stops. The sun is farthest north directly over the Tropic of Cancer, or farthest South directly over the Tropic of Capricorn. The Sun Also Rises and sets the farthest north and south. This is when the Arctic and Antarctic circles will either have the zero or 24 hours of sunlight. The solstices are winter (December 21st) and summer (June 21st)

Front 4

how to find the angle of noon day sun? step 1

Back 4

First find out where the sun is directly overhead (or at 90 degrees in the sky)

Front 5

step 2

Back 5

Next using the latitude you want to find the angle of the Sun for figure out how many degrees you are away from where the sun is at 90 degrees

Front 6

step 3

Back 6

If the Sun is at 90 degrees at the equator (0 degrees) and you're in New York (42° North) you have to subtract 90 - (your latitude) which is 42 to get your answer of 48 degrees. this means the sun is 48° in the sky

Front 7

planet x: E=0.017

planet y: E= 0.032

which one is more circular (less eccentric)?

Back 7

planet x

Front 8

eccentricity of 1?

Back 8

a line

Front 9

eccentricity of 0?

Back 9

a circle

Front 10

what is the unit for eccentricity?

Back 10

there is none, they cancel each other out.

Front 11

reasons for seasons?

Back 11

TRIP

Front 12

T

Back 12

T equals tilt. Earth is tilted towards or away from the Sun depending on the hemisphere

Front 13

R

Back 13

Nope R equals Revolution NOT rotation (rotation gives day and night) Revolution gives the year

Front 14

I

Back 14

Insolation: the higher the angle of the sun in the sky the hotter the sun gets.

Front 15

P

Back 15

Parallel: all of the axes are parallel during the stages of Earth's revolution.

Front 16

how long is each day on the equator?

Back 16

12 hours, all year long!

Front 17

Sun movement across the sky on the winter solstice

Back 17

Southeast to Southwest

Front 18

Sun movement across the sky on the summer solstice

Back 18

Northeast to Northwest

Front 19

Sun movement across the sky on the spring and fall equinox

Back 19

East to west

Front 20

Formula to find altitude of Noonday Sun for winter solstice

Back 20

90 - your latitude - 23.5

Front 21

Find angle of Noonday Sun for spring and fall equinox

Back 21

90 - your latitude

Front 22

Find altitude of Noonday Sun for summer solstice

Back 22

90 - your latitude + 23.5

Front 23

3 pieces of evidence of Earth's rotation

Back 23

1) Focault Pendulum

2) Coriolis Effect

3) The stars appear to rotate every night

Front 24

What is the Coriolis effect

Back 24

Since the Earth is moving fastest at the equator and slowest at each of the poles objects going from Pole to Equator will deflect either left or right.

Front 25

Foucault Pendulum

Back 25

Is just a regular pendulum swinging back and forth but it appears to move throughout the day. It doesn't actually move it's just the Earth rotating underneath it.

Front 26

Why don't the sun, earth and moon exactly line up every 23.5 days?

Back 26

Because once the moon completes a full revolution around earth, the earth has already moved because it is revolving around the Sun. it takes an extra two days to realign

Front 27

what type of galaxy is the milky way?

Back 27

a spiral galaxy

Front 28

how big is it? Where is our solar system located?

Back 28

It is 100000 light years across and we are 1/4 in from the edge.

Front 29

what is a star?

Back 29

A large ball of hydrogen undergoing nuclear fusion creating light and heat

Front 30

nuclear fusion

Back 30

Atoms are being forced together

Front 31

nuclear fission

Back 31

Splitting an atom

Front 32

Which will burn out faster a large small star or a smaller star

Back 32

Large stars burn out faster than smaller stars because they use their fuel faster

Front 33

constellation

Back 33

A group of stars that appear to make an image in the sky

Front 34

what are constellations used for?

Back 34

Directions, calendars, mapping the sky

Front 35

planet

Back 35

Large body orbiting a star rounded by its own gravity and has cleared its own neighborhood

Front 36

dwarf planet

Back 36

Smaller Planet like-object not meeting the planet definition

Front 37

moon

Back 37

Orbit a planet

most of our planets have moons

Front 38

asteroid

Back 38

Large rocks orbiting a star

Front 39

meteor

Back 39

Space rocks that enter atmosphere they burn up and leave a streak of bright light behind.

Front 40

meteorite

Back 40

The Rock left behind after a meteor strike (most burn up before they reach us)

Front 41

comets

Back 41

Called Dirty snowballs they are frozen Rock and Ice orbiting the Sun when they are near the Sun that ice vaporizes and leaves a trail behind, they gave us our oceans overtime crashing into Earth.

Front 42

how long ago was the big bang?

Back 42

~14 billion years ago

Front 43

how did the big bang happen

Back 43

All matter was compressed into an area the size of an atom.

a giant explosion sent everything outward faster than the speed of light. the universe was born

Front 44

when did the solar system begin?

Back 44

5 BYA

Front 45

When was the galaxy created?

Back 45

10 billion years ago

Front 46

When was the universe created?

Back 46

15 billion years ago

Front 47

What is the longest wavelength?

Back 47

Red

Front 48

What is the shortest wavelength?

Back 48

Blue / violet

Front 49

What is the Doppler effect?

Back 49

Wavelengths moving closer get squished and shift blue

wavelengths moving apart get stretched out and shift red.

Front 50

Are most galaxies moving away from us or towards us?

Back 50

Almost all galaxies shift red showing they are moving away

Front 51

cosmic background radiation

Back 51

The noise left from The Big Bang found throughout space

Front 52

Order of the planets

Back 52

It's listed in the earth science reference table:

the planet data is in order

Front 53

Terrestrial planets (and which ones)

Back 53

Terrain meaning land

Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars

Front 54

Jovian Planets ( and which ones)

Back 54

Jovian means Jupiter like these planets are also known as gas giants

•Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune

Front 55

revolve

Back 55

To move in a circle or orbit another object (Earth revolves around the Sun)

Front 56

rotate

Back 56

to spin on an axis (Earth rotates day / night)

Front 57

satellite

Back 57

An object that orbits another object

Front 58

Primary

Back 58

An object being orbited

Front 59

In what shape do planets appear to orbit?

Back 59

A circle

Front 60

In what shape do planets actually orbit?

Back 60

An ellipse (oval)

Front 61

What is the major axis of an ellipse

Back 61

A line running in between the widest point

drawn through both foci

Front 62

ellipse

Back 62

Elongated or flattened Circle

Front 63

How many Foci does an ellipse have?

Back 63

2

Front 64

Eccentricity

Back 64

How stretched out or flattened an ellipse is (how oval like)

Front 65

What does it mean if an ellipse is more eccentric

Back 65

It means it is more elliptical

Front 66

What place is eccentricity given to

Back 66

The thousands (0.000)

Front 67

What two numbers will the eccentricity always be between

Back 67

0 and 1

Front 68

apogee

Back 68

When a satellite is farthest from Earth

Front 69

perigee

Back 69

When a satellite is closest to the earth

Front 70

aphelion

Back 70

Is farthest from the Sun

Front 71

perihelion

Back 71

Closest to the Sun

Front 72

In what season are we farthest from the Sun

Back 72

The first day of summer

Front 73

In what season are we closest to the Sun

Back 73

The first day of winter

Front 74

What is an astronomical unit

Back 74

The average distance from the Earth to the Sun

1 Au equals 93 million miles

Front 75

What are Kepler's three laws

Back 75

Number one all planets travel in ellipse

two a satellite covers equal area in equal time

three knowing average distance of a satellite we can figure out how long it takes to orbit

Front 76

When is a planet traveling fastest

Back 76

When it's closer because there's more gravity

Front 77

When is a planet traveling slowest around its star

Back 77

When it's further away from the star because there's less gravity

Front 78

What does geocentric mean

Back 78

This was an old belief where the Earth was in the center and everything revolves around it

Front 79

Heliocentric

Back 79

The sun is centered and everything revolves around the Sun

Front 80

Retrograde motion

Back 80

Why something that seemed to reverse their nightly motion.

Front 81

Celestial sphere

Back 81

Apparent sphere of Stars around the Earth

Front 82

Celestial dome

Back 82

The apparent Dome of stars we see above us every night

Front 83

Horizon

Back 83

Where the land meets the sky

Front 84

Zenith

Back 84

The highest point over head

Front 85

Azimuth

Back 85

The degree around the Horizon

0 to 360

North equals 0

Front 86

Altitude

Back 86

Height above the Horizon (0 to 90)

Front 87

When is the spring / vernal equinox

Back 87

March 20th or 21st

Front 88

When is the summer solstice

Back 88

June 21st

Front 89

When is the autumnal equinox

Back 89

September 22nd or 23rd

Front 90

When is the winter solstice

Back 90

December 21st

Front 91

What is Luminosity

Back 91

How much energy is star gives off (brightness)

Front 92

Which star color is the hottest

Back 92

Blue

Front 93

Which star color is cooler

Back 93

Red / yellow

Front 94

Stages of star life

Back 94

1 nebula

2 main sequence

3 giant

4 Dwarfs

5 nova or supernova (explosion of a massive star)

Front 95

Arctic Circle

Back 95

66.5 degrees north

it gets 24 hours of Sun on the first day of summer and 0 hours of Sun on the first day of winter

Front 96

Tropic of Cancer

Back 96

23.5 degrees north it gets direct Rays on summer solstice and is the northernmost latitude for the Sun

Front 97

Equator

Back 97

0° latitude

it gets direct Rays during the spring or fall equinox and 12 hours of Sun year round

Front 98

Tropic of Capricorn

Back 98

23.5 degrees south

direct Rays during winter solstice southernmost latitude for the Sun

Front 99

Antarctic Circle

Back 99

66.5 degrees south

0 hours of Sun first day of summer 24 hours of Sun first day of winter 12 hours on an equinox

Front 100

When finding the angle of the Noonday Sun what happens if you get something above 100

Back 100

Flip the angle and find the supplementary angle

do 180 - your measurement

Front 101

remember

Back 101

Seasons are switched in the southern hemisphere!

on our first day of summer (June 21st) it's their first day of winter

June 21st is the first day of winter for them

Front 102

The Moon

Back 102

The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite

Front 103

What is the top theory for how the moon was made

Back 103

The moon was created when a large planet like object crashed into the Earth. a ring of dust formed like Saturn's and the dust eventually clustered into the Moon.

Front 104

Moon rotation and revolution

Back 104

27.3 days (ESRT)

Front 105

phase lock

Back 105

Gravity has lock the same side of the moon to always face us

Front 106

What is the side of the Moon that we don't see called

Back 106

The Far Side of the Moon

Front 107

Waxing moon

Back 107

New moons- it's getting bigger

light on right equals larger each night

Front 108

Waning moon

Back 108

Old Moon

left light equals less light

wane, wane go away

Front 109

Why does the Earth and Moon not line up after one Moon Revolution

Back 109

Since the Earth is orbiting the Sun as the moon orbits Earth (the earth has moved!)

it needs about two additional days to go back to its original phase

Front 110

How long does it take for the Moon to complete one full cycle

Back 110

29.5 days

Front 111

What is a blue moon

Back 111

A month with two full moons

Front 112

Why don't we have an eclipse twice a month

Back 112

Because the moon orbits on an angle around Earth and because of the angle the Moon Sun and Earth rarely lineup

Front 113

What is an eclipse

Back 113

An eclipse is when something gets blocked

Front 114

Solar eclipse

Back 114

The sun gets blocked

Front 115

Lunar eclipse

Back 115

The moon gets blocked

Front 116

What is the Umbra

Back 116

The darkest part of an eclipse

Front 117

What is a penumbra

Back 117

A partial Shadow

some light rays can reach

Front 118

Blood moon

Back 118

When the moon is fully in Shadow long red wavelengths can still hit the surface causing a red color

Front 119

Tides

Back 119

The rise and fall of the sea

Front 120

How many tides are there per day

Back 120

Four...

two high tides and two low tides

Front 121

What controls the tides

Back 121

The gravity of the Moon and Sun

Front 122

What controls the tides more the moon or the Sun

Back 122

The moon because it's closer to the Earth than the Sun

Front 123

What is a spring tide

Back 123

An extreme tied with a very high high tide because most of the water is together, and very low low tides because there's only a little bit of remaining water.

This is because both of the sun and the moon pull toward high tide (they're working together.)

( think like a Spring Pulling)

Front 124

What moon's phases does a spring tide happen on

Back 124

New moon and full moon

Front 125

Neap tide

Back 125

The sun and moon are working against each other so there is

•lower than normal high tides and •higher than normal low tides

》the moon takes most of the water and the sun only takes some of it

》there's not a very large change between high and low tide.

Front 126

What moon phases do neap tides take place on

Back 126

1st and 3rd quarter

Front 127

Why do Tides change

Back 127

They don't come and go we rotate into and out of them about every 6 hours

(4 times per day 6 × 4 = 24)

Front 128

The moon cycle of phases can be observed from Earth because the Moon

Back 128

Revolves around earth

Front 129

Locations in New York state are warmest in summer because sunlight in summer is

Back 129

Most intense end of longest duration

Front 130

The passage of the Moon into Earth's Shadow causes a

Back 130

Lunar eclipse

Front 131

Same side of the moon always faces Earth because

Back 131

Moon rotates once as it completes one revolution around Earth

Front 132

Why are some constellations not visible during all four seasons

Back 132

Because Earth revolves around the Sun

Front 133

The curvature to the right by major ocean currents in the northern hemisphere is primarily due to

Back 133

The rotation of Earth

Front 134

What type of rays come into Earth

Back 134

Ultraviolet

Front 135

What type of rays go out of Earth

Back 135

Infrared

Front 136

rule of time zones

Back 136

Every Zone to the west subtract 1 hour

(lazy california)

Front 137

Which direction do things curve in the northern hemisphere

Back 137

Right

Front 138

Which direction do things curve in the southern hemisphere

Back 138

Left

(think: Australians are wrong like leftys)

Front 139

Where is the sun over during summer

Back 139

Tropic of Cancer

Front 140

Where is the sun over during winter

Back 140

Tropic of Capricorn

Front 141

Where is the sun on the spring and fall equinox

Back 141

The equator