Earth Science Topic 4

Front 1

Hydrological cycle

Back 1

The water cycle

Front 2

Hydrosphere

Back 2

All the water covering the Earth oceans lakes rivers Etc

Front 3

Evaporation

Back 3

Liquid to gas

Front 4

Does evaporation gain energy or lose energy

Back 4

Gain energy

Front 5

Condensation

Back 5

Gas to liquid

Front 6

Does condensation gain or lose energy

Back 6

Loses energy

Front 7

What is evaporation affected by

Back 7

•Heat

•surface area

•humidity level

•wind

Front 8

How is evaporation affected by heat

Back 8

The hotter it is the more energy there is to evaporate so there's an increase in evaporation

Front 9

How is evaporation affected by surface area

Back 9

Larger surface area heating up equals increase

Front 10

How does the humidity level affect evaporation

Back 10

Dry air can let more evaporation occur

Front 11

How does wind affect evaporation

Back 11

Replaces humid air with dryer air

Front 12

Transpiration

Back 12

Water loss by plants

Front 13

Evapotranspiration

Back 13

Evaporation and transpiration

Front 14

Sublimation

Back 14

Solid to gas (no liquid phase) example: glaciers, dry ice

Front 15

desublimation

Back 15

Gas to solid (frost on Windows)

Front 16

Potential evaporation

Back 16

The ability to evaporate

example: deserts do not evaporate due to lack of water, however their potential evaporation is very high.

Front 17

arid

Back 17

dry

Front 18

How does most water enter the atmosphere

Back 18

Ocean evaporation

Front 19

What percentage of Earth is covered by the ocean

Back 19

70%

Front 20

What percentage of Earth's water is in the ocean

Back 20

97%

Front 21

What percent of Earth's water is retained in glaciers

Back 21

2%

Front 22

Overall less than __% of the Earth's water is drinkable

Back 22

1%

Front 23

What are the precipitation outcomes

Back 23

Infiltrate

runoff

retention

evaporation

Front 24

Groundwater

Back 24

Subsurface water

Front 25

Zone of aeration

Back 25

Top, unsaturated, (not full may still contain some H2O)

has some air (aeration)

Front 26

Zone of saturation

Back 26

Lower, saturated (full)

Front 27

Water table

Back 27

•Interface (boundary) between aeration and saturation

•water table Rises and Falls depending on saturation levels

Front 28

Interface

Back 28

Area between where two different things meet (example air and water)

Front 29

Aquifer

Back 29

Underground area where water can flow free (Wells are dug into these)

Front 30

spring

Back 30

Where groundwater reaches the surface

Front 31

Artesian well

Back 31

Spring water under pressure, water Forced above aquifer (fountains, drinking water)

Front 32

geyser

Back 32

Spring shot up due to heat (like a tea kettle)

Front 33

What should you do when drilling a well

Back 33

place it below drought shortage levels

Front 34

Cone of depression

Back 34

Like milkshakes and straws

• leave room between Wells

Front 35

Permeable Rock

Back 35

Let the water flow through

Front 36

Impermeable Rock

Back 36

Doesn't let water flow through

Front 37

Cavern (cave)

Back 37

Underground opening in permeable Rock

example: water wearing away limestone

Front 38

runoff

Back 38

When water cannot infiltrate

Front 39

What can runoff do

Back 39

•Infiltrate later

• join a river / stream

•evaporate back into the atmosphere (about two-thirds is evapotranspirated back into the atmosphere)

Front 40

Retention

Back 40

When water is held back either as snow or ice. it will melt later and rejoin the water cycle

Front 41

Water budget

Back 41

Comparing water income (precipitation) to outgo (evaporation)

Front 42

excess

Back 42

More precipitation than evaporation (Surplus)

Front 43

deficit

Back 43

More evaporation and precipitation shortage

Front 44

groundwater is __________

Back 44

Storage not income (your savings account)

you can have a shortage without a drought if you have enough storage and vice versa

Front 45

pores

Back 45

Open Spaces

Front 46

Porosity

Back 46

Percent of open space compared to the total volume of material

Front 47

Porosity is the _____ of density

Back 47

opposite

Front 48

What are the three things that affect porosity

Back 48

Sorting (grouping)

shape

packing

Front 49

How does sorting affect porosity

Back 49

Particles that are all the same size do not fit together well adding and smaller and different sized particles fill the gaps

sorted = High porosity

Front 50

Shape

Back 50

Rounded particles do not fit together well and have a greater porosity round equals High porosity

Front 51

packing

Back 51

Loosely packed particles have more space in between them

loose packing = High porosity

Front 52

Does size affect porosity

Back 52

No just like size doesn't affect density small objects have small pores but many of them overall porosity is the same

Front 53

Size and pore space diagram

Back 53

Front 54

Permeability

Back 54

The ability to let a fluid pass through

Front 55

what affects permeability

Back 55

size of pore space

how connected the pores are

Front 56

how does size of pore space affect permeability

Back 56

larger pores let fluid pass through quick and easy (think large hallways)

Front 57

how connected the pores are

Back 57

(if hallways are blocked, you cannot pass) materials can be porous yet impermeable if pores are not connected

Front 58

effects on impermeability

Back 58

tight packing

temperature

land use

Front 59

tight packing

Back 59

(reduces pore sizes) pore size is reduced by tight packing

Front 60

temperature

Back 60

(frozen water in pores, pores not connected)

Front 61

land use

Back 61

putting cement over land, pores not connected

Front 62

capillary action

Back 62

the upward movement of a fluid against gravity

Front 63

what pore size is best for capillary action

Back 63

small pores, big pores let water pass through too fast to stop it.

small pores slow water, until they are so small they bring water upwards.

Front 64

factors that affect infiltration v. runoff

Back 64

1) permeability (can it infiltrate)

2) porosity (can it hold water)

3) degree of saturation (if ground is full, it can't infiltrate)

4) slope (water runs fast over steep land and can't infiltrate)

5) vegetation (plants slow water, break up soil, help infiltration)

6) precipitation rate v. infiltration rate

Front 65

how do plants affect infiltration

Back 65

help it by breaking up soil and slowing watet

Front 66

stream discharge

Back 66

the amount of water flowing past a certain point in a given amount of time (water released) ex. 5 gal/sec

opposite of recharge (something going in)

Front 67

more water =

Back 67

more discharge, and faster like a garden hose

Front 68

which soil property measurement is usually greater when particles are fine than when particles are coarse?

Back 68

capillarity

Front 69

soil with the greatest porosity has particles that are

Back 69

well sorted and loosely packed

Front 70

less space between pores = _______ porosity

Back 70

low

Front 71

more space between pores = _______ porosity

Back 71

high

Front 72

sorted particles = _______ porosity

Back 72

high

Front 73

round particles = ________ porosity

Back 73

higher

Front 74

loose packing = _________ porosity

Back 74

high

Front 75

not round particles = ______ porosity

Back 75

lower

Front 76

tight packing = __________ porosity

Back 76

low

Front 77

unsorted = ______ porosity

Back 77

low