Earth Science Praxis 0571

Front 1

Driving force behind the rock cycle

Back 1

plate tectonics

Front 2

release of volatiles due to thermal energy

Back 2

pore-fluid pressure

Front 3

enforced in a certain direction due to orogenesis, responsible for foliation

Back 3

directed pressure

Front 4

The texture of a rock that cooled slowly

Back 4

coarse grained

Front 5

gravel, sand and silt are produced by this type of weathering (mechanical/chemical)

Back 5

chemical

Front 6

process that thrusts crust back under the surface to feed the continuous rock cycle

Back 6

plate subduction

Front 7

large band of metamorphic activity near a lot of mountain building activity

Back 7

regional metamorphism

Front 8

process of mountain building from crust folding and faulting

Back 8

orogenesis

Front 9

when native rock comes in contact with high-heat igneous intrusions of magma

Back 9

Contact metamorphism

Front 10

Experience rapid cooling (extrusive or intrusive)

Back 10

extrusive

Front 11

in this type of boundary, crust creates mountains and pressure

Back 11

convergent

Front 12

a component of the rock cycle that helps with erosion and weathering, dissolution of rocks, and carrying sediment

Back 12

water

Front 13

vital component in melting crust above subduction zones

Back 13

water & other volatiles

Front 14

this process does not alter the initial chemical composition of rock

Back 14

isochemical

Front 15

type of changes a rock undergoes for metamorphic (physical or chemical)

Back 15

physical

Front 16

this element causes component minerals to reorganize or recrystallize with increased density

Back 16

heat

Front 17

this element can initiate recrystallization thru compression or spot melting at individual grain boundearies

Back 17

pressure

Front 18

confining pressure created by a load of rocks above a metamorphic rock

Back 18

lithostatic pressure

Front 19

new oceanic crust is created at this type of boundary

Back 19

divergent

Front 20

The texture of rapid cooled igneous rock

Back 20

obsidian, glassy

Front 21

naturally formed inorganic object made of homogenous substances

Back 21

rock

Front 22

rocks classified according to origin, more favorable and often used

Back 22

petrogenesis

Front 23

the study of rocks classified by physical characteristics

Back 23

petrography

Front 24

Experience slower cooling (extrusive or intrusive)

Back 24

intrusive

Front 25

fine grained clay formed in surface areas of ___ temperatures, such as soil

Back 25

low

Front 26

produces ion and salt by-products to be deposited as sediment

Back 26

chemical weathering

Front 27

organic sediments can be made of

Back 27

shells of organisms

Front 28

rock that will fizz when acid is put on it

Back 28

calcium

Front 29

consolidation of sediments into solid rock

Back 29

lithification

Front 30

water and ionic solutions

Back 30

connate fluids

Front 31

compress particles in sediment and expel connate fluids

Back 31

compaction

Front 32

precipitated minerals are deposited as a film or moves into pore space

Back 32

cementation

Front 33

rocks formed from fragments

Back 33

clastic

Front 34

clastic rocks formed from compaction and cementation of gravels

Back 34

conglomerates

Front 35

clastic rocks formed of small particles from .0625-2mm in diameter-med particles

Back 35

sandstone

Front 36

clastic rocks from particles in diameter less than .0625mm

Back 36

shale

Front 37

almost half of sedimentary rocks are

Back 37

shale

Front 38

sedimentary rocks formed from byproducts of chemical reactions

Back 38

precipitated rock

Front 39

minerals rocks created thru evaporations of liquid in a solution. ions precipitate and form crystalline mineral residues

Back 39

evaporates

Front 40

table salt / evaporite mineral

Back 40

halite

Front 41

sedimentary rocks made of carbonate compounds, calcite or dolomite

Back 41

carbonate rocks

Front 42

this mineral often forms due to temperature changes in seawater

Back 42

calcite

Front 43

carbonate rock containing mostly calcite

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limestone

Front 44

if dolomite is main component of carbonate rock it is called

Back 44

dolomite or dolostone

Front 45

sedimentary rock made from plant and animal organisms (type not examples)

Back 45

organic rock

Front 46

mineral contained in bones and shells

Back 46

calcite

Front 47

three popular types of organic rock

Back 47

limestone, calcite, coal

Front 48

coral reefs are made up of this type of organic sedimentary rock

Back 48

limestone

Front 49

most abundant organic sedimentary rock

Back 49

limestone

Front 50

when rocks form usually horizontal layers of sediment of various thickness

Back 50

stratification

Front 51

when sediment is rapidly expelled into calm body of water

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graded bedding

Front 52

stratum thicker than 1 cm

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bed

Front 53

stratum less than 1 cm in thickness

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laminae

Front 54

repetitive pattern of two layers in seasons like a lower layer of coarse silt and an upper layer of fine-grained silt

Back 54

varve

Front 55

forms when a rapidly flowing river or stream carrying sediment reaches a basin abruptly

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alluvial fan

Front 56

most effective in sediment deposition in regions with little vegetation and sand

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wind

Front 57

tides deposit coarse materials (sand gravel) here

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shore zone

Front 58

sediment from land (clay/silt) deposited here

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continental shelf

Front 59

downward incline from continental shelf to ocean floor

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continental slope

Front 60

ocean floor where sediment is deposited

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abyss

Front 61

red indicates presence of weathered and eroding fragments of what type of minerals

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iron bearing, oxidizing

Front 62

organic rocks are generally this color

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black

Front 63

strong water, wind or gravitational forces distinguish themselves in these marks

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ripple marks

Front 64

property of grains making up clastic sedimentary rock, shows the distance a sediment traveled before deposition

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roundness

Front 65

solid, near-spherical bodies found in sedimentary rock

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concretions

Front 66

sediments are described as having good, moderate or poor sorting depending on

Back 66

consistency or similarity in particle sizes

Front 67

strata in steep inclines rather than horizontal layers

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cross-bedded

Front 68

landforms exhibiting cross-bedding

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deltas, sand dunes

Front 69

pools of magma surrounded by solid rock

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magma chambers

Front 70

magma left below ground during a volcano eruption

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intrusive/plutonic rock

Front 71

magma contains a lot of 2 elements

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oxygen silica

Front 72

95% of the upper crust made of this type of rock

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igneous

Front 73

magmas generated this far below earth surface

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100-300 km

Front 74

magma containing a lot of iron, calcium and magnesium. parent materials found beneath OCEAN or CONTINENT crust

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mafic

Front 75

magma rich in K, Na, and Si. parent rocks within continental crust

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Felsic

Front 76

magma somewhere between felsic and mafic

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intermediate

Front 77

ultramafic magma contain large amounts of

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iron magnesium

Front 78

minerals with lower melting points will melt (before/after) those with higher melting points

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before

Front 79

if partial melting occurs, the resultant magma will only contain minerals with (lower/higher) melting points

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lower

Front 80

a catalyst in melting silicate materials (reduces melting point by 200 deg C). can also increase magma generation

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Water

Front 81

The opposite of melting

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crystallization

Front 82

Higher Melting point corresponds to (faster/slower) crystallization

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faster

Front 83

when magma is altered during cooling and crystalization

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magmatic differentiation

Front 84

in some magma chambers, material on (top/bottom) is cooler and more felsic

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top

Front 85

crystals formed early in cooling are differentiated from remaining magma, they have more ions concentrated in crystals and lower levels of those elements in magma

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crystal fractionation

Front 86

magma of original composition is introduced to chamber after crystal fractionation begun

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hybrid magma

Front 87

rocks that exhibit two stages of cooling-and crystals of two different sizes.

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porphyritic

Front 88

in porphyritic rocks, where do the large well formed crystals form?

Back 88

in a deep chamber

Front 89

in porphyritic rocks where do small crystals form

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where magma cools quickly toward the top

Front 90

gabbro and basalt are examples

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mafic igneous rocks

Front 91

granite is a common form of this rock

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felsic igneous

Front 92

volcanic complement to plutonic granite. fine grained, glassy, or porphyritic

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rhyolite

Front 93

rhyolitic volcanic glass, petrified froth

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pumice

Front 94

mafic igneous rock coarse and dark with high levels of ferromagnesian (internally magnetic)

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gabbro

Front 95

most common volcanic rock

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basalt

Front 96

like pumice, formed from magma with high concentration of gases resulting in vesicles

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basalt

Front 97

fractures common in basaltic rocks

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columnar jointing

Front 98

rock with mineral composition between gabbro and granite

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intermediate rock

Front 99

examples of intermediate rock

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diorite, andesite

Front 100

a rock more common than rhyolites but less common than basalts

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andesite

Front 101

rocks created by movements of magma near plutonic rock bodies like dikes or batholiths. heat from magma recrystallizes country rock.

Back 101

contact metamorphic

Front 102

contact metamorphic rock name

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hornfel

Hint 102

http://geology.com/rocks/pictures/hornfels.jpg

Front 103

region where contact metamorphism is possible

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aureole

Front 104

aureoles vary in size from

Back 104

few cm to 1 m

Front 105

contact metamorphic rocks with reoriented mineral grains or as a product of chemical reactions between two or more minerals

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hornfels

Front 106

released due to movement of magma near batholiths result in chemical reactions with minerals in country rock

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hydrothermal solutions

Front 107

hydrothermal solutions are rich in

Back 107

water and magmatic ions

Front 108

an example of a hydrothermal metamorphic rock from olivine

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serpentine rocks

Front 109

Rocks created from so built up pressure that grinds local rocks and they become recrystallized

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cataclastic metamorphic rocks

Front 110

these rocks occur regionally near converging plate boundaries, existing in large shields of crystalline rock. form near batholiths exposed by weathering

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dynamothermal metamorphic rocks

Front 111

the temperatures, pressures, and chemically active solutions present are (consistent/variable) in dynamothermal metamorphic rocks

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variable

Front 112

___ grade metamorphic rocks are dense and fine grained. formed by gentle dynamothermal at low temps

Back 112

low grade

Front 113

a common low grade rock composed of recrystallized shale resulting in fine foliation bred during low grade metamorphism

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slate

Front 114

___ grade metamorphic rock are relatively coarse and folia regularly spaced

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intermediate grade

Front 115

___ grade rock shows bands of alternately light and dark colored minerals. small grains and sometimes plastic deformation from high temps during formation

Back 115

high grade

Front 116

minerals that are not exposed to direct pressure during metamorphosis

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nonfoliated

Front 117

magma travels underground thru cracks in country rocks and creates these type of rocks

Back 117

intrusive plutonic

Front 118

one reason why underground magma is highly mobile underground

Back 118

lower density

Front 119

This represents a fault that has both strike-slip and dip-slip components.

Back 119

oblique slip (need pic)

Front 120

Large bowl shapes made by glaciers

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cirques

Front 121

tall mountains in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash

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composite volcano

Front 122

the mechanical breakup of rock caused by the expansion of freezing water in cracks and crevices

Back 122

frost wedging

Front 123

A fault when the movement of the plates is vertical and opposite. Displacement is in the direction of the inclination

Back 123

dip-slip fault (need pic)

Front 124

A geological fault in which the upper side appears to have been pushed upward by compression

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reverse fault (need pic)

Front 125

a type of fault where rocks on either side move past each other sideways with little up or down motion

Back 125

strike-slip fault (need pic)

Front 126

The theory that the Earth's outer shell is made up of rigid plate which, throughout history, have slowly moved about on a layer of hot flowing rock, they continue to do so today. These plates move in response to internal forces from deep within the earth, causing them to collide, shear, compress, pull apart, and slide under or over each other.

Back 126

plate tectonic theory

Front 127

a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Back 127

nucleus

Front 128

The belief that all continents on Earth were originally connected in a single "super continent"

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continental drift theory

Front 129

mixed high-grade metamorphic/plutonic origin

Back 129

migmatites

Front 130

lower melting points than ferromagnesian minerals

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nonferromagnesian minerals

Front 131

when mineral components of parent rocks do not foliate when exposed to direct pressure

Back 131

nonfoliated metamorphic rock

Front 132

metamorphic calcite limestone

Back 132

marble

Front 133

surface between country rock and intruding pluton

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intrusive contact

Front 134

offshoots of magma body able to penetrate the earth's surface, creating a volcano

Back 134

apophyses

Front 135

plutonic intrusion relatively thin in width compared to near vertical dimensions

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dike

Front 136

cutting across existing layers or bodies of rock

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discordant

Front 137

running nearly parallel to preexisting layers of rock

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concordant

Front 138

often offshoots of dikes, but usu laterally rather than vertically oriented

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sills

Front 139

intrusive rock formation when magma solidifies in channel connecting active volcano with magma chamber

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volcanic neck

Front 140

concordant pluton like a sill but rounded

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laccolith

Front 141

pluton covering more than 100 sq km. no visible bottom.

Back 141

batholith

Front 142

pluton smaller than 100 sq km

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stock

Front 143

any type of intrusive rock that is formed when magma travels through cracks in country rocks

Back 143

plutons

Front 144

naturally occurring, inorganic solid substance with regular atomic structure and definite homogenous chemical compositions

Back 144

mineral

Front 145

9 physical characteristics to distinguish minerals

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color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, fracture, specific gravity, tenacity, habit,

Front 146

mineral whose substance is a valid indicator of its chemical composition

Back 146

idiochromatic

Front 147

elements with ions that are absorptive of certain light wavelengths giving vivid and distinctive coloration (copper, iron, cobalt)

Back 147

chromophores

Front 148

color properties due to presence of impurities

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allochromatism

Front 149

relative difference in opacity and translucency of a mineral

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luster

Front 150

rubbing a crushed mineral on a ceramic plate showing minerals true color and not impurities

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streak

Front 151

minerals resistance to scratching

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hardness

Front 152

ability of a mineral to split closely spaced parallel planes called cleavage planes

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cleavage

Front 153

splits easily and exhibits smooth, unblemished cleavage surfaces

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perfect cleavage

Front 154

classifications of mineral cleavage

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good, indistinct, umblemished, perfect

Front 155

minerals with imperfect or nonexistent cleavage exhibit breaking or crushing described as

Back 155

fracture

Front 156

shell like pattern of fracture, concentric rings

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conchoidal

Front 157

rough uneven fracture

Back 157

irregular fracture

Front 158

line of fracture with sharp jagged edges

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hackly fracture

Front 159

how much more dense a mineral is than water

Back 159

specific gravity

Front 160

weight of a specified volume of a mineral divided by an equal volume of water in its densest state

Back 160

specific gravity

Front 161

the temperature at which water is its densest

Back 161

4 deg C

Front 162

brittle, malleable, elastic, ductile, sectile - the way a mineral responds to cutting, bending or crushing

Back 162

tenacity

Front 163

mineral that deforms temporarily but reverts to original state

Back 163

elastic

Front 164

mineral that will bend rather than break, but not return to original shape

Back 164

flexible

Front 165

minerals that can be reshaped without fracturing

Back 165

malleable

Front 166

minerals that can be drawn into thin strands without breaking

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ductile

Front 167

minerals that can be sliced into thin sheets but can not withstand the force of a blow

Back 167

sectile

Front 168

crystal growth pattern of a mineral

Back 168

habit

Front 169

crystals with equal sides in all directions

Back 169

equant

Front 170

crystals with long flat areas like knife blades

Back 170

bladed

Front 171

thin flat sheets that can be peeled or flaked from the original mass

Back 171

micaceous

Front 172

elongated crystals like pencils

Back 172

prismatic

Front 173

the actual process when clusters of atoms in a liquid arrange themselves in a solid configuration

Back 173

nucleation

Front 174

when rate of nucleation is greater than rate of growth

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rapid cooling

Front 175

rapid cooling produces this type of crystal with internal regularity but without external faces

Back 175

anhedral

Front 176

slower cooling produces this type of crystal with well-formed faces

Back 176

euhedral

Front 177

crystals with intermediate, rounded outlines formed by slower cooling

Back 177

subhedral

Front 178

ideal type of crystal growth, crystals are formed in separate layers and faces are built up as layers accumulate. occurs slowly and requires high supersaturation

Back 178

two-dimensional nucleation

Front 179

quick process with continuous growth of a single layer in the form of a spiral

Back 179

spiral growth or screw dislocation

Front 180

rapid growth of crystal in limited directions

Back 180

branching growth

Front 181

this will halt favorable growth conditions and cause growth in an unfavorable direction creating dendrites

Back 181

heat transfer

Front 182

more common than single crystals

Back 182

crystal aggregates

Front 183

parallel deposits of one mineral on the surface of another. surface atoms exert forces on the atoms of the overgrowing crystal to take the host crystal structure. usu happens between minerals with different chemical compositions

Back 183

oriented overgrowth

Front 184

type of crystals where atoms rapidly assimilate on the edges rather than the whole face of a crystal. makes deep depressions on the centers of the faces. usu supersaturation at edges

Back 184

cavernous crystal

Front 185

when impurities are present in material of growing crystal and form an outline of a crystal within a crystal

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phantom crystal

Front 186

any chemical and physical changes at or near earth's surface during or after a rock is created, includes lithification but is broader process

Back 186

diagenesis

Front 187

when minerals intrude the pore space of an organisms skeleton

Back 187

permineralization

Front 188

dissolution of carcasses leaving an impresion in the rock

Back 188

mould fossils or typolites

Front 189

footprint or subsurface dwellings that leave an impression in rock

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trace fossils

Front 190

outermost layer of earth is this deep

Back 190

0-35 km below surface

Front 191

crust is composed of these minerals

Back 191

basalt granite

Front 192

top 8 elements in earth crust

Back 192

O Si Al Fe Ca Na K Mg
More than 90% are silicates (made of Si and O and others)

Front 193

mantle is this far below earth surface

Back 193

35-2890 km

Front 194

separation between mantle and crust 30-70km below continental crust and 6-8 below oceanic

Back 194

moho or mohorovicic discontinuity

Front 195

rocks in mantle

Back 195

periodotite, eclogite

Front 196

core of the earth is composed of

Back 196

iron and nickel

Front 197

depth of core

Back 197

2890-6400

Front 198

crust and uppermost portion of mantle, a cooling layer

Back 198

lithosphere

Front 199

oceanic lithosphere is composed of

Back 199

mafic basaltic rocks

Front 200

soft plastic topmost layer of mantle 100-700 km

Back 200

asthenosphere

Front 201

the number of major plates

Back 201

10 - african, antarctic, australian, eurasian, north american, south american, pacific, cocos, nazca and indian

Front 202

plates float atop this layer

Back 202

asthenosphere

Front 203

theory proposed by alfred wegener in 1915

Back 203

continental drift

Front 204

another phenomena to support plate tectonics besides continental drift, observed by icelandic fisherman in the 1800s later refined in the 60s and 70s

Back 204

seafloor spreading

Front 205

final clue to substantiate plate tectonics

Back 205

magnetic striping and mid atlantic ridge

Front 206

main forces of tectonic motion

Back 206

gravity and friction

Front 207

the energy that drives tectonic motion and is converted to gravity and friction

Back 207

dissipation of heat from mantle up to the asthenosphere

Front 208

when plates move due to friction between lithosphere and asthenosphere

Back 208

mantle drag

Front 209

the actual downward frictional pull on oceanic plates into subduction zones due to convection

Back 209

trench suction

Front 210

this dimension of the earth remains constant over time

Back 210

diameter

Front 211

two oceanic plates converge they form

Back 211

underwater trench

Front 212

two continental plates converge at a destructive boundary, crumple and compress createing

Back 212

mid-continent mountain range

Front 213

when continental plate converges with an oceanic plate, denser oceanic lithosphere slides beneath continental lithosphere, what results?

Back 213

ocean trench on one side, mountain range on other side

Front 214

two plates move away from each other they form this type boundary

Back 214

divergent or constructive

Front 215

in oceanic lithosphere, divergent plates create

Back 215

oceanic ridges

Front 216

another name for continental crust

Back 216

sial

Front 217

another name for oceanic crust

Back 217

sima

Front 218

of sima and sial, which of the two is more uniform in thickness and composition

Back 218

sima

Front 219

cooled magma aligns itself with the current magnetic orientation during which process

Back 219

cooling

Front 220

gases in a volcano that increase pressure

Back 220

water vapor c02 sulfur dioxide

Front 221

these type of eruptions expel gas, ash and rock and affect atmospheric pressure and increase electricity in surrounding air

Back 221

explosive eruptions

Front 222

usu occur in stratovolcanoes, like explosive but smaller scale

Back 222

intermediate eruptions

Front 223

eruptions with no explosivity, slow magma flow

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quiet eruptions

Front 224

small fissures or fractures that exude lava instead of a volcanic vent, often result in flood lava

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fissure eruptions

Front 225

materials expelled from volcano like tuffs or volcanic bombs

Back 225

pyroclastic

Front 226

measurable movement of a location of earths surface caused by earthquake far away

Back 226

teleseism

Front 227

suspension of soil particles in water

Back 227

liquefaction

Front 228

mechanical disturbances that transfer energy

Back 228

seismic waves

Front 229

can travel through any material (fastest in solid). similar to sound waves. a body wave

Back 229

P waves

Front 230

can only travel thru solids. body wave

Back 230

S waves

Front 231

cause more damage than body waves because of low frequency like water waves

Back 231

surface waves

Front 232

these surface waves make the ground ripple like water

Back 232

rayleigh waves

Front 233

these surface waves cause shearing of the earth's crust, triangular folding

Back 233

love waves

Front 234

proof of the moho

Back 234

sharp increase in velocity of body waves

Front 235

subtypes of this type of weathering are pressure release, exfoliation, freeze-thaw, salt-crystal growth

Back 235

mechanical weathering

Front 236

a type of weathering when erosion removes materials on top of rocks. as pressure is released or decreased, underlying rocks expand and fracture

Back 236

pressure release

Front 237

when an area has substantial diurnal temp changes ie. hot in day (expand), cool at night (compact) causes stress on outer layers which then peel

Back 237

exfoliation

Front 238

a type of weathering when water freezes and expands widening joints or shattering rocks. overall weakens rock

Back 238

freeze-thaw

Front 239

evaporation of saline solutions in rock leaves behind salt crystals.

Back 239

salt-crystal

Front 240

when rocks experience chemical changes ie. decomposition or decay due to organic acids

Back 240

chemical weathering

Front 241

hydration, hydrolosis, oxidation, solution are this type of weathering

Back 241

chemical weathering

Front 242

salt minerals within the rock, expand and change due to absorption of water (ex on side 3). can cause mechanical fragmenting

Back 242

hydration

Hint 242

anhydrite + h20 > gypsum

Front 243

weathering involving a chemical reaction between acidic water and rock forming mineral. breaks rock into new materials (ex on side 3)

Back 243

hydrolysis

Hint 243

feldspar + acid rain>quartz + clay

Front 244

weathering that shows discoloration of iron bearing materials when exposed to atmosphere

Back 244

oxidation

Front 245

weathering process where organic acid interacts with some minerals in rock producing ions that get washed away by erosion (gradual dissolving process)

Back 245

chemical weathering

Front 246

landform created by weathering and erosion like a cliff or cave

Back 246

erosion landform

Front 247

a large portion of bedrock detaches and glides out and down (3 side card)

Back 247

glide

Hint 247

translational slide

Front 248

hydration, hydrolosis, oxidation, solution are this type of weathering

Back 248

chemical weathering

Front 249

a pretty cohesive mass slides down a concave plane

Back 249

slump

Hint 249

rotational slide

Front 250

a pile of rocks from a rockfall

Back 250

talus

Front 251

salt minerals within the rock, expand and change due to absorption of water (ex on side 3). can cause mechanical fragmenting

Back 251

hydration

Hint 251

anhydrite + h20 > gypsum

Front 252

weathering involving a chemical reaction between acidic water and rock forming mineral. breaks rock into new materials (ex on side 3)

Back 252

hydrolysis

Hint 252

feldspar + acid rain>quartz + clay

Front 253

these type of mass movements are when internal grains move. there is no clear barrier between the sliding mass and the material underneath

Back 253

flow

Front 254

weathering that shows discoloration of iron bearing materials when exposed to atmosphere

Back 254

oxidation

Front 255

weathering process where organic acid interacts with some minerals in rock producing ions that get washed away by erosion (gradual dissolving process)

Back 255

solution

Front 256

landform created by weathering and erosion like a cliff or cave

Back 256

erosion landform

Front 257

a large portion of bedrock detaches and glides out and down (3 side card)

Back 257

glide

Hint 257

translational slide

Front 258

a pretty cohesive mass slides down a concave plane

Back 258

slump

Hint 258

rotational slide

Front 259

a pile of rocks from a rockfall

Back 259

talus

Front 260

these type of mass movements are when internal grains move. there is no clear barrier between the sliding mass and the material underneath

Back 260

flow

Front 261

three type of flows

Back 261

earth, mud, or debris

Front 262

shallow mass of soil slowly moving downward caused by freeze-thaw or wet-dry cycles

Back 262

creep

Front 263

intensified form of creep when permafrost prevents absorption of water so the top layer of soil becomes saturated. leads to wrinkled landscape

Back 263

solifluction

Front 264

wearing of river valley slopes parallel to selves. widening of valley.

Back 264

backwasting

Front 265

diminish valley slopes thru mass movements of soil and rock

Back 265

downwasting

Front 266

wide, nearly flat plain of bedrock just above level of erosion

Back 266

peneplain

Front 267

erosion resistant tip of rock rising abruptly from a peneplain

Back 267

monadnock

Front 268

load of river that carries suspended load and bed load

Back 268

solid load

Front 269

does most of erosion to channel bottom and sides

Back 269

bed load

Front 270

when stream drops sediment due to flooding or interstection

Back 270

stream deposition

Front 271

horizon layer of dark colored earth

Back 271

A horizon

Front 272

layer of subsoil that absorbs nutrients from A horizon

Back 272

B horizon

Front 273

Bottom layer of soil made of rock and parent crust

Back 273

C horizon

Front 274

leaf litter and organic material a top the soil horizon

Back 274

O horizon

Front 275

elevation below sea level on topographic map is marked with

Back 275

hatch marks

Front 276

representation of a skyline viewed horizontally on a map

Back 276

topographic profile

Front 277

largest unit of geologic time

Back 277

Eons

Front 278

The order of geologic time units

Back 278

Eon, Era, Period, Epoch, Age

Hint 278

Eo, Er, P, Ep, A

alpha 3 letter e, followed by P in middle, then eP, then A the outlier

Front 279

The two major eons

Back 279

Precambrian, Phanerozoic

Front 280

The longest eon

Back 280

Precambrian

Front 281

The eon with the most fossil evidence

Back 281

Phanerozoic (visible life)

Front 282

Three major eras

Back 282

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic "old, mid and new life"

Front 283

well sorted particles are usu carried by this means

Back 283

wind

Front 284

rounded particles are carried by

Back 284

water

Front 285

this type of weathering occurs in hot and humid climates

Back 285

chemical weathering

Front 286

this type of weathering occurs in dry cold climates

Back 286

mechanical weathering

Front 287

Era in which solar system was formed

Back 287

Hadean

Hint 287

4.5-3.8 billion

Front 288

this era shows earliest microfossils including those using photosynthesis

Back 288

ARCHAEAn era

Hint 288

3.8-2.5 billion

Front 289

this era shows bacteria, eukaryote, first animals (think trilobites). high levels of oxygen shown in metal oxides soil

Back 289

proterozoic "earlier life"

Hint 289

2.5-543 million

Front 290

fossil soils

Back 290

paleosoils

Front 291

About 1/2 of the phanerozoic eon char. by rapid evolution and diversity-multicellular, vertebrates, coal deposits, supercontinent joined, warming and drying of climate. conclude with massive extinction of marine species

Back 291

paleozoic era

Hint 291

543-248 million yago

Front 292

age of dinosaurs, KT extinction kills all but birds. mammals evolve. flowering plants.

Back 292

mesozoic era

Hint 292

248-65 million yago

Front 293

Pangea breaks apart

Back 293

Mesozoic>Triassic

Front 294

first birds, a lot of crocodiles, sharks, rays

Back 294

Jurassic>Mesozoic

Front 295

first flowering plants

Back 295

Mesozoic>Cretaceous
"chalk"

Front 296

current era dating back 65 million years
oldest fossils of modern species

Back 296

cenozoic era

Front 297

theory that the sun formed of a cloud of dust and gas collapsed by gravity. other particles begin to coalesce and form planetismals

Back 297

nebular hypothesis

Front 298

all living things evolve from common ancestors over millions of years

Back 298

theory of evolution

Front 299

changes in natural conditions select stronger organisms for survival

Back 299

natural selection

Front 300

idea that complex chemicals generated by heat of sun create simple atoms and molecules. simple structures became more organized and ability to reproduce (first cells), mutations caused new cells

Back 300

modern view origin of life

Front 301

the chemistry of carbon in living things is the same as in non-living things (t/f)

Back 301

false

Front 302

there are organic compounds found in organisms that are not found in inorganic matter (t/f)

Back 302

true

Front 303

ability to reproduce
ability to react to stimuli
unique organic compounds

Back 303

found only in living beings

Front 304

life emerging from life

Back 304

bio-genesis

Front 305

life from nonliving matter

Back 305

a-bio-genesis

Front 306

proved that amino acids could be formed from prebiotic chemical elements

Back 306

miller urey experiment

Front 307

top 3 domains in life

Back 307

eukaryotes, archaea, eubacteria

Front 308

genetic coding of organisms

Back 308

biochemical record

Front 309

resource that can be obtained with current technology, but not economically feasible

Back 309

paramarginal resource

Front 310

resource that is not profitable-cost to obtain outweighs value of resource

Back 310

submarginal resource

Front 311

amount of resource that can be recovered with current technology

Back 311

reserve

Front 312

this part of the rock cycle may result in the the deposition of ore resources

Back 312

igneous

Front 313

a geological process that can produce natural resources like copper on limestone

Back 313

contact metamorphism

Front 314

minerals deposited in pockets along water bodies can lead to formation of

Back 314

gold

Front 315

another process that may lead to ore deposits like iron and nickel that are nonsoluble and cant be evaporated

Back 315

weathering

Front 316

produced when liquid and gaseous organic materials undergo chemical reactions and then migrate into pore space of sedimented rocks. takes thousands or millions of years to complete

Back 316

crude oil

Front 317

inhibit the release of infrared photons back into space

Back 317

greenhouse gases

Front 318

composition of earths atmosphere in the lowest 10 km

Back 318

78% nitrogen 21% oxygen

Front 319

the beginning of the upper atmosphere

Back 319

10,000km up

Front 320

The number of stages the atmosphere has been through

Back 320

3

Front 321

composition of first atmosphere that was dissipated by heat and stellar wind

Back 321

helium, hydrogen, methane, ammonia

Front 322

created 3.5 billion yrs ago after crust solidified this atmosphere was formed

Back 322

2nd atmosphere

Front 323

volcanic activity contributed to the second atmosphere in a process called

Back 323

outgassing

Front 324

a name for the second atmosphere that contained little or no oxygen and high amounts of hydrogen

Back 324

reductive

Front 325

composition of 2nd atmosphere

Back 325

c02 and h20 vapor. some nitrogen and minute oxygen.

Front 326

these dissolved into oceans causing acids and rising levels into the atmosphere

Back 326

gases

Front 327

the ability of organisms to balance oxygen levels in the air

Back 327

oxidative respiration

Front 328

lowest three layers of the atmosphere

Back 328

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere

Front 329

from surface level to 16 km and the densest level in atmosphere. where weather lives

Back 329

troposphere

Hint 329

up to 16km

Front 330

ozone layer here. temperature increase because of uv absorption. calm and weather free. good for plane flight.

Back 330

stratosphere

Hint 330

16-50km above surface

Front 331

ozone layer here. temperature increase because of uv absorption. calm and weather free. good for plane flight.

Back 331

stratosphere

Hint 331

16-50km above surface

Front 332

coldest layer with clouds of ice and where meteors break apart

Back 332

mesosphere

Hint 332

50-80km above

Front 333

coldest layer with clouds of ice and where meteors break apart

Back 333

mesosphere

Hint 333

50-80km above

Front 334

clouds of ice

Back 334

noctilucent clouds

Front 335

clouds of ice

Back 335

noctilucent clouds

Front 336

uppermost layer of atmosphere. warmest layer. up to 1000 C. high levels of sun energy absorbed

Back 336

thermosphere

Hint 336

80-640km above surface

Front 337

subdivisions of thermosphere

Back 337

ionosphere exosphere

Front 338

made of ionized nitrogen and oxygen atoms and free electrons. high levels of uv and xrays enter. where aurorae occur. conductor of electromagnetic waves

Back 338

ionosphere

Hint 338

80-550 km

Front 339

outermost division where satellites orbit. low density. made of hydrogen and helium

Back 339

exosphere

Hint 339

550-10,000 km

Front 340

outermost division where satellites orbit. low density. made of hydrogen and helium

Back 340

exosphere

Hint 340

550-10,000 km

Front 341

region of stratosphere with high concentration of ozone particles formed thru photolysis when UV rays collide with O2 in atmosphere

Back 341

ozone layer

Front 342

ozone layer here. temperature increase because of uv absorption. calm and weather free. good for plane flight.

Back 342

stratosphere

Hint 342

16-50km above surface

Front 343

coldest layer with clouds of ice and where meteors break apart

Back 343

mesosphere

Hint 343

50-80km above

Front 344

clouds of ice

Back 344

noctilucent clouds

Front 345

subdivisions of thermosphere

Back 345

ionosphere exosphere

Front 346

outermost division where satellites orbit. low density. made of hydrogen and helium

Back 346

exosphere

Hint 346

550-10,000 km

Front 347

interaction with these molecules breaks down ozone

Back 347

N, Cl H containing compounds or via thermal energy of sun

Front 348

the greatest job of ozone molecules in the atmosphere

Back 348

absorb UV rays

Front 349

where ozone particles form

Back 349

over the equator

Front 350

uv rays from sun collide with O2 in the atmosphere, break up the O2s, O2s join O to make O3

Back 350

how ozone is created

Front 351

mechanism by which water evaporates from leaves or stems of plants

Back 351

transpiration

Front 352

body of air exhibiting consistent temps and levels of moisture throughout

Back 352

air mass

Front 353

when isobars are closer together the wind is

Back 353

stronger

Front 354

direction of airflow (in N Hemi) of cyclone low pressure system

Back 354

counter clockwise

Front 355

direction of airflow (in S Hemi) of high pressure system

Back 355

clockwise

Front 356

cloudiness, winds, chance of precip, close isobars, could have T in the middle of isobars

Back 356

cyclone/low pressure system

Front 357

clear, calm conditions, drier air, greater range of temperatures, isobars with H in the middle.

Back 357

high pressure system

Front 358

Indicated by blue triangles indicating direction the front is moving

Back 358

cold front

Hint 358

<img src="http://pad1.whstatic.com/images/thumb/2/24/500px-Weather_fronts.svg_71.png/200px-500px-Weather_fronts.svg_71.png">

Front 359

indicated by red semi-circles indicating direction front is heading

Back 359

warm front

Hint 359

<img src="http://pad1.whstatic.com/images/thumb/2/24/500px-Weather_fronts.svg_71.png/200px-500px-Weather_fronts.svg_71.png">

Front 360

when cold front overtakes warm front. could mean rain or thunderstorms. indicated by circles and triangles on same side, maybe purple, pointing in direction of front

Back 360

occluded front

Hint 360

<img src="http://pad1.whstatic.com/images/thumb/2/24/500px-Weather_fronts.svg_71.png/200px-500px-Weather_fronts.svg_71.png">

Front 361

indicates a non-moving boundary between two different air masses. long rainy periods. circles on one side, triangles on other. indicating front is stuck.

Back 361

stationary front

Front 362

low pressure zone between 30-60 degrees latitude formed when warm and cold air masses converge

Back 362

meterological depression

Front 363

global wind pattern at the equator

Back 363

calm surface winds

Front 364

the greater the difference between temperature and dew point, the (lower/higher) relative humidity is

Back 364

lower

Front 365

when sun, earth moon are in alignment, the difference between high and low tides is

Back 365

large

Front 366

without oxygen

Back 366

anaerobic

Front 367

convert F to C and C to F

Back 367

C = 5/9 * (F - 32.0)

Hint 367

F = C * 9/5 + 32

Front 368

change high voltage energy to low consumable voltage

Back 368

transformer

Front 369

does nuclear power contribute to acid rain or greenhouse effect?

Back 369

no, just nuke waste

Front 370

the process of cutting into the stream bed

Back 370

downcutting

Front 371

erosion occurs on this side of the river where velocity is greater

Back 371

the outside or the banks

Front 372

deposition occurs on this side of the river where velocity is slower

Back 372

the inside or the bars

Front 373

High pressure is found in the (poles, tropics)

Back 373

poles

Front 374

Low pressure is found in (poles, tropics)

Back 374

tropics

Front 375

Winds that blow most frequently in a particular region (eg westerlies)

Back 375

Prevailing or Trade Winds

Front 376

Prevailing winds most common in the region from 90 - 60 north latitude

Back 376

polar easterlies

Front 377

Created when prevailing winds converge with other prevailing winds or air masses

Back 377

wind belts

Front 378

A windbelt where air coming from tropical areas north and south of the equator come together

Back 378

ITCZ - InterTropical Convergence Zone

Front 379

causes winds to go counter-clockwise in N Hemi and clockwise in the S Hemi

Back 379

Coriolis force

Front 380

air pocket that has cooled more than surrounding air and descended to its original position

Back 380

stable

Front 381

pocket of air that continues to rise because stays warmer than surrounding air

Back 381

unstable

Front 382

the climate zone around the equator highest solar energy, warm air, low air pressure, rising air and high precipitation describes climate near this area of the earth

Back 382

tropical

Front 383

the climate zones 30 deg north and south of the equator

Back 383

subtropical mid-latitude

Front 384

climate of subtropical zone. often find deserts here

Back 384

dry descending air, high air pressure

Front 385

Climate zone defined by high air pressure, low temps, lack of precipitation

Back 385

polar climate zone

Front 386

why the polar region has little precipitation

Back 386

air can not evaporate from frozen

Front 387

humid climates with large precipitation (maritime, continental, temperate)

Back 387

maritime

Front 388

variations in temp with seasons (maritime, continental, temperate)

Back 388

continental

Front 389

low variation in average temp (maritime, continental, temperate)

Back 389

temperate

Front 390

stores higher quantities of heat energy than the atmosphere can hold

Back 390

hydrosphere

Front 391

ocean current that warms the climates of UK and nw Europe as wind carries across the Atlantic

Back 391

Gulf Stream

Front 392

variations in earths orbit (precession, wobble of the axis, eccentricities) are due to

Back 392

gravitational attraction

Front 393

guy who theorized when earth's orbital variations line up and reinforce one another, climate change leads to ice age

Back 393

milankovic

Front 394

natural electrostatic discharge that produces light and releases electromagnetic radiation

Back 394

lightning

Front 395

process that separates positive and negative charge carriers within a cloud

Back 395

polarization mechanism

Front 396

lightning process

Back 396

water and ice particles collide building charge
particles separate (+ up / - down)
lightning is area between charges as they separate, negative attract to positive charged objects in ground

Front 397

the direction positive particles travel

Back 397

up

Front 398

negative particles travel

Back 398

down

Front 399

noise made by rapid expansion and contraction of air due to heat energy

Back 399

thunder

Front 400

when heating on earths surface causes large amounts of air to rise in an unstable atmosphere

Back 400

thunderstorm

Front 401

hurricane requires oceanic water to be at least this temp

Back 401

29 C

Front 402

conditions for hurricane

Back 402

warm water, general wind pattern disruption, coriolis effect

Front 403

months when easterly waves appear in the trade winds

Back 403

june to november

Front 404

unusual warming of surface water near the equatorial coast of s. america

Back 404

el nino

Front 405

minerals lack crystalline center

Back 405

mineraloids

Front 406

a way to observe a mineral's true color

Back 406

streak test on unglazed porcelain

Front 407

sulfate

Back 407

SO 2-

Front 408

sulfide

Back 408

S

Front 409

phosphate

Back 409

PO3-

Front 410

composed of one metal and one halogen

Back 410

halide

Front 411

minerals form on seafloor (includes calcite, siderite, aragonite, dolomite)

Back 411

carbonates

Front 412

lithification leads to what kind of rock

Back 412

sedimentary

Front 413

A key element necessary for lithification, this is squeezed from compressed materials, forming a chemical cement that holds the sedimentary rock in place

Back 413

water

Front 414

Rocks found on this part of Bowen's reaction series weather more quickly than rocks on the other side of the spectrum

Back 414

top

Front 415

This end of the Bowen reaction series is made from rocks that formed at lower temperatures and are more stable and less susceptible to weathering

Back 415

low

Front 416

quartzite, slate, marble, gneiss,

Back 416

metamorphic

Front 417

granite, gabbro, basalt, rhyolite

Back 417

igneous

Front 418

limestone, shale, sandstone

Back 418

sedimentary

Front 419

in fault-block mountains, sections that are lifted by tensional forces

Back 419

horst

Front 420

in fault block mountains, sections that are lowered in elevation

Back 420

graben

Front 421

Produces the earths magnetic field

Back 421

Dynamo effect

Front 422

The theory that the Earth's rotation combined with the convection of metals in the Earth's core produce electric currents. These currents flow thru the existing magnetic field, producing a second magnetic field that reinforces the primary field and is then self-sustaining

Back 422

dynamo effect

Front 423

Proposer of continental drift and Pangea

Back 423

Alfred Wegener

Front 424

transport air from one region to another

Back 424

advection

Front 425

regions with continental climates are found where

Back 425

interior of large landmasses

Front 426

low precipitation and large seasonal temperature variations

Back 426

continental climate

Front 427

ocean salinity

Back 427

34-35 ppt or 200 ppm

Front 428

deepest part of ocean

Back 428

10,000 below sea level

Front 429

seamount with flattened top

Back 429

guyot

Front 430

currents driven by temperature and density variation

Back 430

subsurface

Front 431

currents driven by wind

Back 431

surface

Front 432

when free (unfixed) objects (such as water) move over a rotating surface (such as the earth)

Back 432

coriolis effect

Front 433

direction of water from poles to equator

Back 433

westward

Front 434

direction of water from equator to poles

Back 434

eastward

Front 435

North fork of Gulf Stream goes to

Back 435

Europe

Front 436

South fork of Gulf Stream goes to

Back 436

West Africa

Front 437

The shedding of ice and snow as it melts, evaporates, sublimes and gets blown away.

Back 437

ablation

Front 438

extinction that took out non-avian dinosaurs

Back 438

Cretaceous Tertiary

Hint 438

65.5 million years ago
Mesozoic era

Front 439

most recent of the 5 extinction eras

Back 439

Cretaceous Tertiary

Front 440

most severe extinction event

Back 440

permian triassic event

Hint 440

96% of all marine 70% all terrestrial vertebrate

Front 441

the assumption that we dont have a different view of the universe from our vantage point than anywhere else in the universe

Back 441

Cosmological principle

Front 442

uniformity in all orientations

Back 442

isotropy - one ness

Front 443

do galaxies contain dark matter

Back 443

yes

Front 444

dwarf galaxy has as FEW as

Back 444

10 million stars

Front 445

clusters and superclusters are made of

Back 445

galaxies

Front 446

physical universe is thought to be composed of these walls of superclusters, clusters and galaxies surrounding bubble like voides

Back 446

filaments

Front 447

another name for filaments

Back 447

walls

Front 448

HR diagram compares these two characteristics

Back 448

temperature and luminosity

Front 449

main sequence stars line goes what way

Back 449

nw to se

Front 450

redshift of galaxies, measurements in cosmic background radiation, and quasars and galaxies all support this theory

Back 450

Big Bang

Front 451

The parallax of one arcsecond

Back 451

parsecond

Front 452

outward pressure exerted by an object is too weak to resist the objects own gravity

Back 452

gravitational collapse

Front 453

cannot exchange heat, work, or matter with surrounding environment

Back 453

isolated system

Front 454

can exchange heat, work and matter with surrounding environment

Back 454

open system

Front 455

can exchange energy (heat and work) but not matter with surrounding environment

Back 455

closed thermodynamic system

Front 456

formula for Kinetic Energy

Back 456

1/2 mv2

Front 457

formula for Potential Energy

Back 457

mgh

Front 458

energy can neither be created nor destroyed

Back 458

1st law thermodynamics

Front 459

0th law of thermodynamics

Back 459

thermodynamic equilibrium -

Hint 459

if 2 systems equal to a 3rd, they are equal to each other

Front 460

2nd 3rd laws of thermodynamics discuss

Back 460

entropy

Front 461

uniformitarianism theorist

Back 461

Hutton

Hint 461

add lauren hutton in pants looking all geologisty

Front 462

area in which runoff moves toward a body of water usu bounded by hills and mountains

Back 462

watershed

Front 463

upper boundary of the region where groundwater moves (not level)

Back 463

water table

Front 464

low elevation streams getting extra water from the water table are called (common in humid areas)

Back 464

effluent

Front 465

streams that contribute to underwater supply of water. usu found in arid regions

Back 465

influent

Front 466

area below water table named because pores of rocks are filled to capacity with water

Back 466

saturated zone

Front 467

body of water with detectable current

Back 467

river

Front 468

snow thaws and subsequently freezes again creating

Back 468

neve / firn

Front 469

a collection of compacted neves over a long period of time

Back 469

glacier

Front 470

when bottom of a glacier detaches from rock and moves downward rapidly

Back 470

glacial surge

Front 471

bottom of a glacier melts and sliding on the surface where it rests leaving polished and scratched surface

Back 471

basal slip

Front 472

when pressure of upper layers causes ice crystals in lower parts of glacier to become plastic and flow

Back 472

plastic flow

Front 473

form on valley or montain slopes with summits above the snow line. move by gravity in a predefined pathway eroding land

Back 473

alpine glaciers

Front 474

the type of glacial erosion consisting of wearing the ground under the base of the glacier

Back 474

glacial abrasion

Front 475

the type of glacial erosion that pries rocks from surface

Back 475

glacial quarrying

Front 476

large tongue shaped mass of rock and ice behaving much like a glacier forming on a slope in a valley and travels slowly

Back 476

rock glacier

Front 477

deep valleys made by alpine glaciers that sit partially below sea level

Back 477

fjord

Front 478

lakes created by alpine glaciers due to uneven erosion

Back 478

tarns

Front 479

number of major ice ages

Back 479

4

Front 480

3 possible causes of ice ages

Back 480

mountains in polar positions blocking sunlight, changes in atmosphere c02 levels, earth axis and precession

Front 481

coasts that are rising

Back 481

emergent coasts

Front 482

a sinking coast, or sea level is rising relative to coast, usu resulting in a bay (embayed)

Back 482

submerged coast

Front 483

area below the water table consisting of 3 sublayers

Back 483

aeration, vardose

Front 484

adhesive intermolecular forces are stronger between liquid and solid of the tube than they are between liquid and itself

Back 484

capillary action

Front 485

percentage of rock occupied by empty space

Back 485

porosity

Front 486

ability of rock to transmit water through

Back 486

permeability

Front 487

layer of rock or other material (sand/silt) thru which groundwater travels laterally between points where deposited

Back 487

aquifer

Front 488

an aquifer bounded from above by a layer of impermeable material

Back 488

confined

Front 489

an aquifer with a water table as its upper boundary usu found above a confined aquifer

Back 489

unconfined

Front 490

layer of impermeable material in above a confined aquifer, could even be a saturated layer.

Back 490

aquiclude

Front 491

measurement of relative displacement of structural surfaces along a fault

Back 491

slip

Front 492

area of transform fault created by inconsistent rates of seafloor spreading

Back 492

fracture zone

Front 493

refers to strength of earthquake or strain energy released

Back 493

magnitude

Hint 493

log value of magnitude is richter

Front 494

effects of earthquake on particular area, subjective

Back 494

intensity

Hint 494

Mercalli scale

Front 495

layers of atmosphere

Back 495

Tr, S, M, Th,

Front 496

changes in energy emitted from sun

Back 496

solar variation

Front 497

made of h and he ions in the form of plasma escaped from suns surface because of high levels of therm energy

Back 497

solar wind

Front 498

amount of time for a reference star to cross the meridian

Back 498

sidereal day

Front 499

24 hour period

Back 499

mean solar day

Front 500

balance of gravitational force and pressure produced by hot gases

Back 500

hydrostatic equilibrium

Front 501

surface of sun visible from earth

Back 501

photosphere - light sphere

Front 502

layer outside and hotter than photosphere

Back 502

chronosphere

Front 503

look like sunrays best visible with xray wavelenghts

Back 503

corona

Front 504

minimum distance to sun on orbit

Back 504

perihelion (147 km)

Front 505

max distance from sun on orbit

Back 505

aphelion (152 km)

Front 506

when sun appears to be directly overhead (zenith) at 12pm

Back 506

summer solstice

Hint 506

uly 21

Front 507

when sun is oriented directly with the south pole, sun is lowest point on horizon

Back 507

winter solstice

Hint 507

dec 22

Front 508

suns apparent path across sky that crosses the earths equatorial plane twice a year

Back 508

ecliptic

Front 509

when north pole is at a 90 degree angle to the line connecting earth and sun

Back 509

equinox

Front 510

relative measurement of moon to earth

Back 510

1% of mass, 1/4 the radius

Front 511

moons composition

Back 511

crust over loose rocks and gravel, then a mantle with a solid lithosphere and semiliquid asthenosphere, then a core (less dense than earth) . made up of refractory elements, low in heavy elements

Front 512

model of moon origin that moon is a piece that split off during formation

Back 512

fission model

Front 513

model where moon formed elsewhere and was captured by earths gravity

Back 513

capture model

Front 514

earth and moon formed during same period of time from same material

Back 514

double impact model

Front 515

during new moon when moon is in same direction as sun

Back 515

in conjunction

Front 516

high density, atmosphere of heavy elements CO2, N and H2O, gravitational field, magnetic fields, prob plate teconics (maybe not venus)

Back 516

terrestrial planets

Front 517

celestial bodies center of mass, like that which earth and moon revolve

Back 517

barycenter

Front 518

smallest interior planet with density close to earth, wide temperature variations, internal activity has ceased, craters

Back 518

mercury

Front 519

comparable to earth in mass and density, brightest planet, c02 with trace water and co, s, n acidic atmos, volcanic activity, perhaps past plate tectonics

Back 519

venus

Front 520

internal metallic core, mantle rich in olivine and iron oxide, high levels of past volcanos, largest known volcano, basins ridges plateaus, erosion canyons and canals, water may have existed, biochemical evolution perhaps

Back 520

Mars

Front 521

ice and rock cores, primary atmosphere of H and He, no solid surface

Back 521

giant planets

Front 522

has a layer of metallic hydrogen

Back 522

jupiter

Front 523

has a convective atmosphere of H and He

Back 523

jupiter

Front 524

hydrogen mantle enriched by helium surrounded by a differeniation zone and a H atmosphere

Back 524

saturn

Front 525

planets with rich methane layers and ionic materials

Back 525

uranus neptune

Front 526

the only gas giant with no evidence of internal activity

Back 526

uranus

Front 527

which gas planets have rings?

Back 527

all

Front 528

flat discs of fragmented material orbiting just next to its planet; satellite planets may be embedded in them

Back 528

planetary rings

Front 529

jupiter 4 largest satellites

Back 529

io, ganymede, europa, callisto

Front 530

Jupiter's satellite that is currently volcanically active (only one other than earth)

Back 530

Io

Front 531

Saturns largest satellite

Back 531

Titan

Front 532

Two satellites with an atmosphere

Back 532

Titan (Saturn) and Triton (Neptune)

Front 533

double-planet twin of Pluto

Back 533

Charon

Front 534

each planet moves in an elliptical path and that they follow the sun as their focal point

Back 534

kepler's first law of planetary motion

Front 535

straight line between a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal time ie. planets move quickest when closer to the sun, vice versa

Back 535

kepler's second law of planetary motion

Front 536

the further a planet is from the Sun, the longer its orbital period will be

Back 536

Kepler's 3rd law of planetary motion

Front 537

3 stellar properties

Back 537

brightness, position, spectra

Front 538

fixed intensity ratio between each of the 6 magnitudes (star property)

Back 538

brightness

Front 539

two stars that orbit each other; about 50% the stars in the sky are of this type

Back 539

binary stars

Front 540

compares star temperature v. luminosity

Back 540

H-R Diagram

Front 541

low mass stars become this in their late stages

Back 541

white dwarfs

Front 542

high mass stars become this in their late stages

Back 542

supernovae

Front 543

this is formed from a collapsing interstellar cloud

Back 543

protostar

Front 544

hydrogen burning through fusion

Back 544

nucleosynthesis

Front 545

the phase when a star runs out of hydrogen and it begins to burn helium

Back 545

red giant

Front 546

after the red giant phase, gravity takes over, shrinking the star and it becomes

Back 546

white dwarf that burns to black dwarf

Front 547

if a star is high mass, its stage after the red giant phase

Back 547

supernova

Front 548

a supernova that has collapsed under pressure

Back 548

pulsar > black hole

Front 549

small solid fragment in solar system

Back 549

meteoroid

Front 550

meteoroid that has entered earths atmosphere

Back 550

meteor

Front 551

meteors that hit the ground

Back 551

meterorite

Front 552

small solid planet that orbits the sun

Back 552

asteroid

Front 553

placement of asteroid belt

Back 553

between jupiter and mars

Front 554

asteroids between earth and sun

Back 554

atens

Front 555

asteroids with orbit like earth

Back 555

apollos

Front 556

the space between planets and stars popualated by comets, asteroids, meteroids

Back 556

interstellar, interplanetary medium

Front 557

force of gravity operates as an attractive force between all bodies in universe

Back 557

newtons universal law of gravitation