Dsst Intro To Computing Note Cards

Front 1

What is an instruction set?

Back 1

Every computer has one, a list of keywords that corresponds to all of the operations that the CPU contains

Front 2

What are the two kinds of CPU's

Back 2

1. complex instruction set computer (CISC)

2. reduced instruction set computer (RISC)

Front 3

What is a complex instruction set computer (CISC)?

Back 3

Kind of CPU that support approximately 100 instructions for greater speed.

Front 4

What is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC)?

Back 4

Kind of CPU that has a minimal set of instructions for a specialized application

Front 5

What are Registers?

Back 5

specialized storage areas that store
values while the instructions operate upon them

Front 6

What is the arithmetic logic unit (ALU)?

Back 6

the component of the CPU that supports the standard arithmetic functions like add and subtract as well as logical operations like AND and OR

Front 7

What is the control unit?

Back 7

the
electronic controller over the operations that the instructions perform much like the brain controls our actions.

Front 8

How are letters or text stored in a computer?

Back 8

Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) for IBM mainframe computers
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) for personal computers

Front 9

What is a jpeg?

Back 9

Pictures/graphics digital representation - Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) format, can represent up to 16.7 million color
variations for each pixel or picture element.

Front 10

What is a tiff?

Back 10

Another picture format - Tagged Image File Format (TIFF), used for scanned
photographic images.

Front 11

What is a gif?

Back 11

Graphs and graphics files are compressed using Graphics
Interchange Format (GIF).

Front 12

What is an mpeg?

Back 12

Video format - Moving
Picture Experts Group (MPEG) format, provides for the compression of digitized videos and animation.

Front 13

What are vector graphics?

Back 13

Vector Graphics are images generated from mathematical
descriptions of where line length, positioning and other shapes should be.

Front 14

What are bitmaps?

Back 14

Raster graphics programs produce bitmaps (BMP) which are details of each row and column of pixel.

Front 15

What is a local area network?

Back 15

A local area network (LAN) is a network of nodes that are in close physical proximity.

Front 16

What are the two main LAN architectures?

Back 16

1. peer-to-peer
2. client/server

Front 17

How does peer-to-peer architecture work?

Back 17

all the nodes have access to the public files on every other node; in
effect, all nodes are equal peers.

Front 18

What is a network node?

Back 18

All the computers are that are connected to the same network are said to be on the network and can be called a network node.

Front 19

How does client/server architecture work?

Back 19

one central computer is the server, which holds central files and software and the client programs
residing on the computers in the network access and modify the data on the server. The network architecture used by most business applications today

Front 20

What does "network topology" mean?

Back 20

refers to the arrangement of nodes as either centralized or decentralized

Front 21

What are the three forms of network topology?

Back 21

1. centralized star network

2. decentralized bus network

3. decentralized ring network

Front 22

What is a centralized star network?

Back 22

all the nodes are connected to a central computer that controls all access to the network. Provides
greater security and central management, but expensive to install because each node requires a separate cable link to the hub

Front 23

What is a decentralized bus network?

Back 23

The nodes are connected one to the next in a continuous line. Inexpensive, but it any connection between nodes fails, the entire network fails.

Front 24

What is a decentralized ring network?

Back 24

A bus network where the last node is connected to the first, forming a loop. With the capability of 2-way communication, a break in the connection does not take down the network.

Front 25

What are features of a network operating system?

Back 25

administering the network, keeping track of users and connections, back-up for the server, security restrictions, and controlling shared usage of peripheral devices.

Front 26

What is a network protocol?

Back 26

The method that operating systems use to lock data and control a workstation's access to public data on the network.

Front 27

What are two methods of network protocol?

Back 27

1. Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD)

2. Token passing

Front 28

What is carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD)?

Back 28

network protocol - If two nodes attempt to access same data simultaneously, the network operating system decides which request first by generating a random number. Method works quite well for small- to medium-size networks

Front 29

What is token passing?

Back 29

requires implementation of a token, which is a particular pattern of bits; the token is passed like a baton in a relay race from workstation to workstation. Only the network
node that currently has the “baton” or token is allowed to send or receive public data on the network.

Front 30

What is TELNET?

Back 30

a way to access remote computers

Front 31

What is a wide area network (WAN)?

Back 31

links computers that are not in physical proximity. Terminology
reflects early history of networking prior to development of the Internet.

Front 32

What are the three standards for network cabling?

Back 32

1. ARCnet
2. Ethernet
3. token ring

Front 33

What is ARCnet?

Back 33

older version of networking developed for original IBM personal/mainframe computers and supported star topology, token
passing protocol, twisted pair or coaxial cable, and ARCnet network interface cards

Front 34

What is a token ring network?

Back 34

a combination ring and star topology that uses a token passing
network protocol and twisted pair cable. This form of network was introduced by IBM in 1986 and supported 255 workstations

Front 35

What is Ethernet cabling standard?

Back 35

Used by most biz today & developed by Xerox, can have up to 1,024 network nodes in a bus topology, uses CSMA/CD.

Front 36

What is a communications protocol?

Back 36

When information is passed between network nodes or transferred from one computer
to another, required so that both computers understand the signals and treat them the same way.

Front 37

What is fiber-optic cable?

Back 37

One of the latest forms of high-speed cabling for sophisticated networks, constructed from thin fibers of glass rather than copper wire like twisted pair cables. Laser light is transmitted and at the receiving end optical detectors
transform the light into digital signals.

Front 38

What is asynchronous communication protocol?

Back 38

Transmission of bits is not synchronized by a clock signal
but accomplished by sending the bits one after another, with a start and stop bit to mark the beginning and end of each data unit. Telephone lines can be used for this protocol.

Front 39

What is synchronous communication protocol?

Back 39

Data is transmitted at very high speeds by using circuits that
synchronize data transfer with electronic clock signals. Computers in high-speed mainframe networks use this protocol.

Front 40

What is full-duplex communication protocol?

Back 40

Aasynchronous transmission that allows the communications channel to send and receive signals at the same time.

Front 41

What is half-duplex communication protocol?

Back 41

Also called local echo; asynchronous transmission that can handle only one signal at a time, alternating between the two computers

Front 42

What is double duplex communication protocol?

Back 42

Full-duplex transmission with a sender and a receiver at each end that transmits simultaneously in both directions.

Front 43

What is echoplex communication protocol?

Back 43

The receiving computer acknowledges that it received the data by echoing the data back to the transmitting computer

Front 44

What is parallel communication protocol?

Back 44

Synchronous transmission through a parallel port to a peripheral device
that is usually a parallel printer; the printer signals whether or not it is ready to receive additional data

Front 45

What are the five key functions of the operating system?

Back 45

1.System supervision–manage memory, control programs & processes
2.Hardware services–control devices/hard drive & monitor
3.Software services–provide file system support & user interfaces
4.Communication services–control communication w/external systems or within local network
5.Security–control access to system and files

Front 46

What are the two types of memory management?

Back 46

-monoprogramming, only one program can run at a time
-multiprogramming, one or more programs can reside in RAM memory and execute simultaneously, may not run exactly simultaneously but run concurrently w/operating system, allowing one program to run for awhile and then switching to other program.

Front 47

What are two techniques for the operating system to achieve multiprogramming?

Back 47

1. partitioning

2. paging

Front 48

How does partitioning work?

Back 48

several programs are moved into a fixed area of RAM memory called a partition. In this scheme, the operating system alternates between the programs as already described. Requires a large amount of contiguous memory.

Front 49

How does paging work?

Back 49

Program is divided into page segments; advantage of paging is the smaller page segments can be
loaded into any available page in RAM memory. Paging is flexible, allows the pages to be scattered, a form of virtual memory where parts of a program are stored on the hard disk

Front 50

What is batch processing?

Back 50

typical of mainframe computers with a large number of users; programs executed under control of operating
system w/o interaction w/user. User “submits” batch request& operating system schedules execution based on priorities set by management; user informed when the task is complete.

Front 51

What is real-time processing?

Back 51

immediate processing of transactions as they occur. Real-time systems are the same as online processing and require online random or direct access files.

Front 52

What is multiple program loading?

Back 52

an operating system that lets the user start more than one program at a time; however, only one of the programs is active at a time.

Front 53

What is multiprocessing?

Back 53

the simultaneous execution of different portions of a program
by a multiprocessor, a computer with more than one CPU. This type of processing requires an operating system that is capable of parallel processing.

Front 54

What is multitasking?

Back 54

the execution of more than one program at a time on a computer
system; one task executes in the foreground and interfaces with the user. Another program that does not require interface with a user executes in the background.
An example of a background task is printing spooled output while the user is on the Internet.

Front 55

What is multiprogramming?

Back 55

same as multiple program loading.

Front 56

What is multithreading?

Back 56

a form of multitasking where multiple tasks run under the same
program. For example, one copy of a word processor might be used by several workstations at the same time.

Front 57

What is fault tolerant computing?

Back 57

the ability of the system to produce correct results and continue processing even if hardware or software errors have occurred. This
can be accomplished by redundant computer components that duplicate processing or error correcting memory.

Front 58

What are names for the traditional 8 step software development method?

Back 58

Systems development, information systems development, application development, or waterfall model

Front 59

What are the steps of traditional software development?

Back 59

1. systems investigation
2. feasibility studies
3. systems analysis
4. systems design
5. programming
6, testing
7. implementation
8. operation
9. maintenance

Front 60

What happens in the systems investigation stage of software development?

Back 60

the feasibility stage where a go/no go evaluation is performed to determine if it is cost-effective to implement the system.

Front 61

What happens in the feasibility study stage of software development?

Back 61

preliminary studies that investigate the needs of prospective users, resource needs, costs and benefits of the new system are done during this stage.

Front 62

What happens in the systems analysis stage of software development?

Back 62

the tasks are to define the business problem, gather information
about the existing approach or system, and determine the functional requirements for the new system. The analysis stage defines what the system will do.

Front 63

What happens in the systems design stage of software development?

Back 63

tasks are to define how the system will accomplish requirements, output of this phase is system specification that includes definition of:
- System inputs, outputs and user interfaces
- Any hardware, software, networking, procedures and staff needed to implement the system
- How the components are integrated and how transactions flow through the system

Front 64

What happens in the programming stage of software development?

Back 64

translating the design into computer code using a programming language.

Front 65

What happens in the testing stage of software development?

Back 65

testing the code to ascertain that it will produce the desired results for every case.

Front 66

What happens in the implementation stage of software development?

Back 66

conversion of the old system to the new system.

Front 67

What happens in the operation stage of software development?

Back 67

the new system is placed into use

Front 68

What happens in the maintenance stage of software development?

Back 68

after the system is placed into operation, previously undetected
errors must be corrected, updates made to handle changing requirements, and minor improvements or upgrades added.

Front 69

What is prototyping?

Back 69

Another application method - focuses on end-user requirements
without doing feasibility studies or writing a specification, most
suitable for smaller applications or for developing the user-interface portion of a large application.

Front 70

What is Rapid Application Development (RAD) and Computer Assisted Software Engineering (CASE)?

Back 70

Rapid application development (RAD) employs CASE (Computer-Assisted Software Engineering) tools to automate many of the tasks in the traditional systems
development model. CASE tools include diagramming tools, analysis tools, document storage tools, documentation generators, and code generators.

Front 71

What is object-oriented development?

Back 71

differs from the traditional systems development model in that the approach emphasizes the use of “objects” which are aspects of the real world that must be modeled by the application system rather than the step-by-step processing that is needed. An object-oriented approach to a billing application should be amenable to other mailings as well because the real-world functions are similar.

Front 72

What are two traditional tools for managing the systems development?

Back 72

1. Gantt chart

2. PERT chart

Front 73

What is a Gantt chart?

Back 73

shows the amount of time allocated for each step in the systems development process, each of the eight steps is broken down into hundreds of finergrained
tasks so there are many Gantt charts used to allocate and track time.

Front 74

What is a PERT chart?

Back 74

PERT (Program Evaluation and
Review Techniques) chart which shows the interrelationship of tasks as connected network nodes. A PERT chart is particularly useful for showing the dependency of tasks, that Task A must be complete before Task B can begin.

Front 75

What is a system flowchart?

Back 75

may be used during the systems design stage to illustrate in diagram form how the system is constructed in terms of files, processing, inputs and outputs.

Front 76

What is a data flow diagram?

Back 76

can show the logical relationship of data to the external entities like departments within the business.

Front 77

What are four methods for converting use of an old system to a new system?

Back 77

1. parallel conversion
2. phased conversion
3. pilot conversion
4. plunge

Front 78

List the stages of programming languages.

Back 78

- machine language
- symbolic language
- assembly language
- high level languages

Front 79

What was machine language?

Back 79

At the outset, the only programming language available was machine language, which was unique to each model of computer and was programmed in binary using only 0’s and 1’s. Replaced by symbolic language.

Front 80

What was symbolic language?

Back 80

Replaced machine language, replaced the binary number for an instruction with a defined acronym.

Front 81

What was assembly language?

Back 81

The first symbolic language, because the acronyms were “assembled” into strings of 0’s and 1’s, still in active use today for special purpose computer applications, requires that every CPU instruction must be coded by the programmer; therefore there is a one-to-one correspondence between a line of code in assembly language and a line of code in machine language.

Front 82

What is high level languages?

Back 82

Superseded assembly language, are independent of the instruction set of the CPU, resulting in code that can be executed on more than one model of CPU. High level languages are also an attempt to come closer to natural language, like English, when programming a computer.

Front 83

What is a compiler?

Back 83

With a high level language, the program must still be translated eventually into machine language for execution. After a program is written in a high level language,
it is processed by another program called a compiler, which performs the necessary translation into machine language.

Front 84

What are the five categories of high level languages?

Back 84

1. Procedural
2. Object-oriented
3. Functional
4. Declarative
5. Special

Front 85

What is a procedural high level language?

Back 85

a set of instructions that are executed in the order indicated, Ex: FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, C language

Front 86

What is an object-oriented high level language?

Back 86

the programmer defines objects and the operations for each object, Ex: C++, Java

Front 87

What is a functional high level language?

Back 87

defines a set of primitive functions and allows the programmer to combine these to create new functions, not used to implement information systems, Ex: Lisp

Front 88

What is a declarative high level language?

Back 88

based on formal logic, not used to implement information systems, Ex: Prolog

Front 89

What is a special high level language?

Back 89

new languages that do not fit in the four traditional categories, Ex: HTML, PERL, SQL

Front 90

What is FORTRAN?

Back 90

(FORmula TRANslation) – early language available in 1957;
ideal for scientific and engineering applications even today.

Front 91

What is BASIC?

Back 91

(Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) – developed
in 1964 for teaching purposes; resurrected in the 1990’s for use on personal computers because BASIC does not require a compiler.

Front 92

What is COBOL?

Back 92

(COmmon Business-Oriented Language) – available in the early
1960’s for business applications; still in active use today.

Front 93

What is C language?

Back 93

also available in the early 1970’s and developed for writing the
UNIX operating system. Gained popularity as a general purpose language for implementing other kinds of systems.

Front 94

What is Pascal?

Back 94

available in the 1970’s as a language for teaching students.

Front 95

What is C++?

Back 95

1) encapsulation or hiding the data inside the object
2) inheritance- object can inherit properties from another object
3) polymorphism that allows the programmer to define multiple operations with the same name that do different processing in different classes.
C++ is a general-purpose language based upon C.

Front 96

What is Java?

Back 96

based upon both C and C++. A program in Java can be either an application or an applet, a mini-program that is embedded in a Web document and executed by a browser after downloading. A servlet is an applet that runs on a server. Note: JavaScript was developed by Netscape to allow Java-like
programming but it is not related to the Java language.

Front 97

What is Lisp?

Back 97

Functional programming language, defined in the early 1960's

Front 98

What is Prolog?

Back 98

Declarative programming language, based on formal logic, defined in the early 1970's

Front 99

What is HTML?

Back 99

HyperText Markup Language - not a real programming language but allows formatting instructions to be embedded in a file.
the file is composed of text and formatting tags enclosed in angle brackets (< >), HTML name and its parameters occur within the brackets, HTML program is composed of a head and a body, head contains the title and other browser parameters, body contains text and formatting tags.

Front 100

What is PERL?

Back 100

Practical Extraction and Report Language–similar to C, adds capability to scan text files, extract info from text, prepare report from the info. Used to create Common Gateway Interface (CGI) scripts that handle output of HTML forms, also called a scripting language (JavaScript too) because they are used to produce a script or series of instructions that tells a program how to perform a specific procedure.

Front 101

What is SQL?

Back 101

(Structured Query Language) – a language that is used to interrogate a
database.

Front 102

What is graphical user interface (GUI)?

Back 102

-uses symbols/icons to represent program or computer functions
-comprised of pull-down menus, dialog boxes or check boxes, radio buttons, drop-down lists, scrollbars, navbars, etc.
-using GUI requires more powerful computers & sophisticated monitor.

Front 103

What is ergonomics?

Back 103

-the science of designing machines, computers, and physical work areas so people find them easy to use
-important consideration in design of GUI’s.

Front 104

What are presentation graphics?

Back 104

-designed to present information in graphical form (line/bar graphs, pie charts)
-helps illustrate trends/relationships in data in order to help managers and users make better informed decisions

Front 105

What are multimedia presentations?

Back 105

integrate multiple media like text, graphics, voice and other sound, photographs and video clips

Front 106

What is hypermedia?

Back 106

the term given to a hypertext system that uses multimedia resources

Front 107

What is hypertext?

Back 107

a method of preparing and publishing text so that the user can select their own path through the material

Front 108

What are hyperlinks?

Back 108

-underlined words or phrases, displays another page of information when the user clicks on the link
-leaves users in complete control of how they navigate the information rather than being forced to view the information sequentially in the order established by someone else

Front 109

What are interactive video systems?

Back 109

-combine image processing with text, audio and video capabilities.
-Software exists for producing these digital video interactive (DVI) applications.

Front 110

What are two classes of software applications?

Back 110

1. proprietary

2 off-the-shelf or package

Front 111

What is proprietary class software?

Back 111

an information processing application that was developed by staff in a particular company or contracted with a software development company for use solely by the company

Front 112

What is off-the-shelf or package class software?

Back 112

software designed for general use that can be purchased or leased from a software vendor

Front 113

What is data management software?

Back 113

supports potentially massive database files

Front 114

What is word processing software?

Back 114

supports production of documents; examples are Microsoft Word and Corel WordPerfect.

Front 115

What is desktop publishing software?

Back 115

-incorporates photographs, diagrams, other images with
text to produce sophisticated documents equivalent to those produced at a printing house
-Quark Express or Adobe InDesign for layout and publishing. Adobe Illustrator and Adobe Photoshop are two other programs used to create or modify graphics which are later imported to a Desktop publishing program.

Front 116

What is graphics software?

Back 116

allows the user to convert data to a graphical form.

Front 117

What is presentation graphics software?

Back 117

typically contains drawing tools and other presentation aids for creating professional-looking audience presentations. Examples: Microsoft PowerPoint and Presentations

Front 118

What is analysis graphics software?

Back 118

graphically represents data that has been analyzed statistically.

Front 119

What is spreadsheet software?

Back 119

most commonly used is Microsoft Excel.

Front 120

What is Computer Aided Design (CAD) software?

Back 120

supports advanced engineering
design

Front 121

What is multimedia software?

Back 121

handles multiple media for input or output of data, particularly the combination of spatial-based media like text and images with time-based media like sound and video.

Front 122

What is interactive multimedia software?

Back 122

allows the user to control the flow of information;
used in museums and information kiosks.

Front 123

What is communications software?

Back 123

supports interconnection of computers. Network operating systems are an example of a sophisticated communications software package.

Front 124

What is speech recognition software?

Back 124

software that provides for recognition of human speech in real-time.

Front 125

What is decision support system (DSS) software?

Back 125

software that aids in management decision making.

Front 126

What is groupware?

Back 126

promotes communication and collaboration among a group of people who are typically co-workers.

Front 127

What is a software suite?

Back 127

a collection of related software packages from the same vendor
that are bundled together at one price.

Front 128

What are Multimedia and Webdesign software?

Back 128

programs used to develop websites, HTML documents and emails as well as Flash promotions. Examples: Macromedia Flash, Dreamweaver, MS FrontPage

Front 129

What are the six main stages to the software development life cycle?

Back 129

1. analysis 4. debugging
2. design 5. testing
3. development 6. maintenance

Front 130

What happens in the analysis stage of the software development life cycle?

Back 130

determining if the software is a viable product and/or can it be created.

Front 131

What happens in the design stage of the software development life cycle?

Back 131

designing the layout of the software

Front 132

What happens in the development stage of the software development life cycle?

Back 132

creating of the software

Front 133

What happens in the debugging stage of the software development life cycle?

Back 133

when the software appears complete, developers will test it themselves
to find the bugs or problems with the program

Front 134

What happens in the testing stage of the software development life cycle?

Back 134

developers have tested it extensively and cannot find any additional bugs, they release the software to a small group called beta testers.
Sometimes these testers are individuals outside the company, also sometimes customers who begin to use the product as they normally would and notify the developers when they find problems.

Front 135

What happens in the maintenance stage of the software development life cycle?

Back 135

once software is released to general public for sale, sometimes
there are additional issues not caught by the testers or developers. When these problems are significant, the software company will issue a patch or service pack
that must be installed to fix these issues.

Front 136

What is a data structure?

Back 136

- defines a collection of related variables that can be processed either
individually or as a whole
- Procedural languages like FORTAN and COBOL use a data structure called an array for storing items in a list

Front 137

What is an array?

Back 137

a fixed-size sequenced collection of elements all having the same data type.

Front 138

What is a data type?

Back 138

defines what kind of values can be stored in a variable or other data structure element, such as integer or text

Front 139

What is a subscript?

Back 139

used to select which element of the array to process

Front 140

What are the two types of files processed by procedural languages?

Back 140

1. sequential - must be read from disk from beginning to end
2. random - any record can be accessed as long as the record key is known, also called a direct access file

Front 141

What is a Database Management System (DBMS)?

Back 141

a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance and use of the databases of an organization

Front 142

What is a data dictionary?

Back 142

a database of all the names and descriptions of all types of data records and their interrelationships

Front 143

What are six database data
models?

Back 143

1. hierarchical
2. network
3. relational
4. distributed
5. object-oriented
6. hypermedia

Front 144

What is a hierarchical database model?

Back 144

- obsolete in today’s technology
- data stored as upside down tree-structure w/root at highest level and data stored down the branches
- example of one-to-many relationship among the records/one root has many branches

Front 145

What is a network database model?

Back 145

- also obsolete
- can represent more complicated data with many-to-many relationships
- data organized like hierarchy but info at any level can point to multiple pieces of info at a subordinate level.

Front 146

What is a relational database model?

Back 146

- makes the data appear as a relation, a two-dimensional table
- not how the data is actually stored on the hard disk
- every relation in the database has a name and one or more attributes, which define the columns of the table
- each column of the table defines a distinct data element

Front 147

What is a distributed database model?

Back 147

a relational model where the data is distributed over one or more computers that may or may not be in the same physical location

Front 148

What is an object-oriented database model?

Back 148

related to object-oriented programming and consists of objects, attributes, classes, methods and messages

Front 149

What is a hypermedia database model?

Back 149

the relationships between data elements is less structured than in a traditional database because the elements define text, graphics, sound or full-motion video.

Front 150

What is a data warehouse?

Back 150

- a relational database management system designed to support management decision-making
- data is usually stored differently
in the warehouse than in the operational database

Front 151

What is a data mart?

Back 151

a smaller version of a data warehouse that focuses on one subject area

Front 152

What are advantages to using a database management system?

Back 152

- through use of the data dictionary, promotes the standardization of data
- consolidates the data so that it does not need to be duplicated and stored in many files across the organization
- data is accessible and shared among all users and a common security system to protect data is in place

Front 153

What is hypertext?

Back 153

- a methodology for interactive reading of a document that is stored in a text database
- contains only text and a limited number of graphics

Front 154

What is hypermedia?

Back 154

electronic documents that contain multiple forms of media including text and graphics as well as audio and video

Front 155

What is image processing?

Back 155

allows the electronic capture, storage, processing and retrieval of
document images that can include numeric data, typed text, handwriting, graphics and
photographs

Front 156

What are electronic document management (EDM) systems?

Back 156

they process document images and may integrate voice messages along with word processors and desktop publishing.

Front 157

What is a kilobyte?

Back 157

- a unit of measurement for disk space, memory, etc.
- equals 1000 bytes
- actual value of a kilobyte is 1024

Front 158

What is a megabyte?

Back 158

equals 1 million bytes or 1000 kilobytes

Front 159

What is a megahertz (MHz)?

Back 159

- represents 1 million cycles a second.
- used to measure speed in buses and microprocessors.

Front 160

What are two names for file transfer rate?

Back 160

1. baud - 200 baud = 200 bits per second
2. BPS - bits per second

Front 161

What is the Conference on Data-Systems Languages (CODASYL)?

Back 161

the professional organization that is
responsible for improving and standardizing COBOL

Front 162

What is The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)?

Back 162

develops standards for all the major programming languages.

Front 163

What are three types of controls for ensuring the security of an information system?

Back 163

1. information system controls
2. procedural controls
3. physical facility controls

Front 164

What are information system controls?

Back 164

attempt to ensure the accuracy of data and results, includes error-checking of inputs, audit trails, and encryption of data.

Front 165

What is the primary method in use today for data encryption?

Back 165

data encryption standard (DES) - secret key form using only one key.

Front 166

What is the most common public key method?

Back 166

Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) encryption

Front 167

What is a digital signature?

Back 167

a means of using public key encryption to verify the identity of a sender

Front 168

What are procedural controls?

Back 168

indicate how the operations should be conducted for maximum
security, includes separation of duties for access control, standardized procedures, authentication, password protection, biometric controls, and firewalls.

Front 169

What are physical facility controls?

Back 169

methods for protecting the physical plant from damage, includes fire detection systems, emergency power systems, and temperature and humidity controls

Front 170

What is the Chief Information Officer (CIO)?

Back 170

executive director of information systems

Front 171

What is the Operations manager?

Back 171

in charge of the physical operation of computer equipment

Front 172

What is the Computer operator?

Back 172

person who is in charge of overseeing the daily activity of the computers.

Front 173

What is the Network manager?

Back 173

in charge of computer network.

Front 174

What is the Network specialist or network engineer?

Back 174

a person whose responsibility is to set
up and maintain a network.

Front 175

What is the Programming manager?

Back 175

in charge of programming activities.

Front 176

What is the Analyst?

Back 176

in charge of analysis phases of system or software development and
may perform design as well.

Front 177

What is the Programmer?

Back 177

person who translates the design into code, performs testing (debugging,
which is removal of errors), and documents the system components.

Front 178

What is the Applications programmer?

Back 178

programmer whose job is to develop information systems or application programs.

Front 179

What is the Systems programmer?

Back 179

a person who develops, sets up or maintains operating systems.

Front 180

What is the Database programmer?

Back 180

a programmer whose specialty is programming interfaces to a data base management system.

Front 181

What is the Database administrator (DBA)?

Back 181

person who defines and maintains a database and the data dictionary.

Front 182

What do analytical processing applications do?

Back 182

-support decision-making by providing projections, comparisons, statistical inferences and decision analysis tools
-three components: data management, user interface, and model management

Front 183

Name two examples of analytical processing applications.

Back 183

1. decision support system (DSS)
2. executive information system (EIS)

Front 184

What is a model?

Back 184

a computer simulation based upon mathematics or statistics of the real world

Front 185

What does a geographic information system (GIS) do?

Back 185

- integrates a geographic database with the DSS so analyses can be accomplished by geographic region
- is capable of producing graphical outputs that contain maps
- may be integrated with a global positioning system (GPS)

Front 186

What does a group decision support system (GDSS) do?

Back 186

- supports exchange of ideas and opinions within a group or a meeting.
- may include an electronic meeting system (EMS).

Front 187

What does a knowledge-based information system do?

Back 187

adds methods from artificial intelligence (AI), a branch of computer science that attempts to endow computers with the ability to make inferences from multiple hypotheses

Front 188

What is an expert system?

Back 188

- application that has been developed using AI methods applied to a highly specific area of knowledge and capable of giving advice about that area
- generates answers to questions in area of expertise and able to explain the rationale for the answer while performing the problem-solving work

Front 189

Where does the internet have its origins?

Back 189

ARPANET, a U.S. Department of Defense network that began in 1969

Front 190

What is TCP/IP?

Back 190

- Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
- standardized set of rules for transmitting packets, or info on the internet

Front 191

Konrad Zuse

Back 191

- began research on electric relays to be used as binary code
- built the first computer using digital relays and also the first vacuum tube computer

Front 192

Claude E. Shannon

Back 192

- thesis on computing
- takes 50-year-old math, now called Boolean Algebra and uses it to design a digital computer
- gave engineers the math they needed to program computers.

Front 193

What happened in the pre-industrial era (1900-1926) of computing?

Back 193

- computers more business-oriented, no longer just scientific use
- IBM was founded
- computers were used for the first time in war

Front 194

What happened in the history of computing from 1927-1938?

Back 194

- Konrad Zuse
- Claude Shannon
- magnetic tape invented & first logic circuits built into computers
- computer game Odyssey written by Ralph Bear
- Samsung founded in Korea

Front 195

What year was Hewlett Packard founded?

Back 195

1939

Front 196

What happened in the history of computing from 1944-1946?

Back 196

- first computer programmed using only punch tape
- original "bug" found and term coined
- term "bit" is created
- Sony Corp founded

Front 197

What happened in the history of computing from 1947-1961?

Back 197

- transistor developed and first stored program computers created
- A/O and FORTRAN developed
- first commercial computers on the market
- second and third gen computers developed

Front 198

What happened in the history of computing from 1962-1979?

Back 198

- “C” programming language and Unix developed
- first CPU created
- ATMs replace tellers in banks
- First consumer video game published
- Floppy disk is invented
- first commercial software is released, Wordstar and others.

Front 199

What happened in the history of computing from 1980-1985?

Back 199

- first portable computer is sold
- the game Zork is created.
- Commodore Vic 20 and 64 sells 20 million+ systems
- Apple MacIntosh is launched
- CD-ROM is created

Front 200

What happened in the history of computing from 1986-1992?

Back 200

- Fourth generation computers are created
- Computers are evolving according to consumer demands
- Video, audio and TV features are created and in demand.

Front 201

What year was the Pentium processor from Intel launched?

Back 201

1993

Front 202

Steve Jobs

Steve Wozniak

Back 202

- co-founder and CEO of Apple Computer

- co-creator of Apple Computer

Front 203

Bill Gates and Paul Allen

Back 203

- wrote/created DOS for IBM
- created Windows followed by Windows 95, Windows ME, Windows2000 and Windows XP
Gates' company - Microsoft created Microsoft Office, includes Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Outlook

Front 204

Robert Noyce

Jack Kilby

Back 204

- founded Intel and co-created the first Integrated Circuit (IC)

- the other co-creator, Jack Kilby, later invented the first pocket calculator for Texas Instruments

Front 205

Dennis Ritchie

Back 205

invented Unix, an operating system.

Front 206

Marc Andreesson

Back 206

co-founded Netscape Communications which brought us Netscape
navigator, an internet browser

Front 207

Mitch Kapor

Back 207

founded Lotus Development and later Lotus 1-2-3 (a spreadsheet program).

Front 208

Bjarne Stroustrup

Back 208

invented programming language C++

Front 209

Tim Berners-Lee

Back 209

developed the World Wide Web for CERN (European Council for
Nuclear Research) which launched in 1991, so that physicists could swap information easily
- created the standards for HTML, URL and HTTP.

Front 210

Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston

Back 210

- invented the spreadsheet which revolutionized what useful things could be done on a personal computer
- the beginning of regular business use of computing