Drugs & Crime Ch. 1

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Psychoactive drugs

Back 1

drugs that affect feelings, thoughts, perceptions, or behavior

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Illicit drugs

Back 2

Drugs whose manufacture, sale, or possession is illegal

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Licit drugs

Back 3

Drugs whose manufacture, sale, or possession is legal

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Drug Dependence

Back 4

A condition in which an individual feels a compulsive need to continue taking a drug. In the process, the drug assumes an increasingly central role in the individual's life

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Drug

Back 5

a chemical substance that, when taken into the body, alters the structure or functioning of the body in some way, excluding those nutrients considered to be related to normal functioning

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Instrumental use

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Referring to the motivation of a drug user who takes a drug for a specific purpose other than getting "high"

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Recreational use

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Referring to the motivation of a drug user who takes a drug only to get "high" or achieve some pleasurable effect

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Drug Misuse

Back 8

Drug-taking behavior in which a prescription or nonprescription drug is used inappropriately

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Drug Abuse

Back 9

Drug-taking behavior resulting in some form of physical, mental, or social impairment

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Intravenous (i.v.)

Back 10

into a vein

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Intramuscular (i.m.)

Back 11

Into a muscle

Front 12

Subcutaneous (s.c. or sub-Q)

Back 12

underneath the skin

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Intranasal

Back 13

applied to the mucous membranes of the nose

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Sublingual

Back 14

applied under the tongue

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Transdermal patch

Back 15

a device attached to the skin that slowly delivers the drug through skin absorption

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Biotransformation

Back 16

the process of changing the molecular structure of a drug into forms that make it easier to be excreted from the body

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Metabolite

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A by-product resulting from the biotransformation process

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Elimination half-life

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The length of time it takes for a drug to be reduced to 50 percent of its equilibrium level in the bloodstream

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Latency Period

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An interval of time during which the blood levels of a drug are not yet sufficient for a drug effect to be observed

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Synergism

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The property of a drug interaction in which the combination effect of two drugs exceeds the effect of either drug administered alone

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Potentiation

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the property of a drug interaction in which one drug combined with another drug produces an effect when one of the drugs alone would have no effect

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Tolerance

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The capacity of a drug to produce a gradually diminished physiological or psychological effect upon repeated administrations of the drug at the same dose level

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Behavioral Tolerance

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The process of drug tolerance that is linked to drug-taking behavior occurring consistently in the same surroundings or under the same circumstances. Aka conditioned tolerance

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Cross-tolerance

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A phenomenon in which the tolerance that results from the chronic use of one drug induces a tolerance effect with regard to a second drug that has not been used before

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Placebo

Back 25

latin term translated "I will please." Any inert substance that produces a psychological or physiological reaction

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Double-blind

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A procedure in drug research in which neither the individual administering nor the individual receiving a chemical substance knows whether the substance is the drug being evaluated or an active placebo

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Physical Dependence

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A model of drug dependence based on the idea that the drug abuser continues the drug-taking behavior to avoid the consequences of physical withdrawal symptoms

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Psychological Dependence

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A model of drug dependence based on the idea that the drug abuser is motivated by a craving for the pleasurable effects of the drug

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Substance Dependence

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A diagnostic term used in clinical psychology and psychiatry that identifies an individual with significant signs of a dependent relationship upon a psychoactive drug

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Substance Abuse

Back 30

A diagnostic term used in clinical psychology and psychiatry that identifies an individual who continues to take a psychoactive drug despite the fact that the drug-taking behavior creates specific problems for that individual

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Toxicity

Back 31

The physical or psychological harm that a drug might present to the user

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Dose

Back 32

The quantity of the drug that is taken into the body, typically measured in terms of milligrams or micrograms

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Acute Toxicity

Back 33

The physical or psychological harm a drug might present to the user immediately or soon after the drug is ingested into the body

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Dose-response curve

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An S-shaped graph showing the increasing probability of a certain drug effect as the dose level rises

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Effective dose

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The minimal dose of a particular drug necessary to produce the intended drug effect in a given percentage of the population

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Lethal Dose

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the minimal dose of a particular drug capable of producing death in a given percentage of the population

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Therapeutic index

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A measure of a drug's relative safety for use, computed by the ratio of the lethal dose for 50 percent of the population over the effective dose for 50 percent of the population

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Margin of safety

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The ration of a lethal dose for 1 percent of the population to the effective dose for 99 percent of the population

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Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN)

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A federal program in which metropolitan hospitals report the incidence of drug-related lethal and non-lethal emergencies

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ED episode

Back 40

An occasion on which a person visits an emergency department (ED) for a purpose that is related to the use of an illicit drug or the nonmedical use of a licit drug

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ED mention

Back 41

A substance that is recorded during a drug-related ED episode. Up to four drugs (including alcohol) can be reported in each episode. The number of ED episodes exceeds the number of patients seeking ED treatment, because a patient may receive emergency treatment on multiple occasions

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ME mention

Back 42

A substance that is recorded in the medical examiner's report following a drug-related death. Up to six drugs (including alcohol) can be reported

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Polydrug Use

Back 43

Drug-taking behavior involving more than one licit or illicit drug simultaneously. Also referred to as multiple-substance use

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Chronic Toxicity

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The physical or psychological harm a drug might cause over a long period

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Dietary Supplements

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Commercial preparations derived from vitamins, amino acids, or herbal extracts. Dietary supplement manufacturers are permitted to claim that these products can help with certain physical conditions associated with different stages in life, but they cannot be used to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent physical disease