Dna

Front 1

How many chromosomes does each person have?

Back 1

46

Front 2

What do only identical twins have in common?

Back 2

Unique DNA pattern

Front 3

Sources of useful DNA

Back 3

Saliva, semen, hair(with the hair root), and blood.

Front 4

Blood as a specimen for DNA

Back 4

White blood cells are used because the red cells don’t have a nucleus

Front 5

DNA Fingerprinting

Back 5

Technique used to make genetic comparisons.

Front 6

RFLP Analysis (restriction fragment length polymorphism)

Back 6

Used to create DNA

Front 7

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Back 7

The amount of DNA can be amplified or multiplied using this process.

Front 8

Restriction Enzyme

Back 8

Enzymes that are able to cut DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases.

Front 9

Gel Electrophoresis

Back 9

The fragments of DNA are separated on the basis of their size.

Front 10

Cathode

Back 10

An electrical current applied to the gel with the DNA wells placed near the negative electrode.

Front 11

Anode

Back 11

DNA fragments move towards.

Front 12

DNA fingerprint

Back 12

The resultant separation pattern, which is viewed under ultraviolet light.

Front 13

Micropipette

Back 13

The limits are:

P10: 1.0-10.0 ul

P20: 2.0 - 20.0 ul

P200: 20- 200 ul

P1000: 200-1000 Ul

Front 14

Micro-pipet -rule of thumb

Back 14

Always select the SMALLEST size piper that will handle the volume you wish to move to achieve.

Front 15

How to get Desired volume for micropipet

Back 15

Clockwise: increased volume

Counterclockwise: decrease volume

Front 16

Loading a sterile tip

Back 16

P1000: blue tips

P200 or smaller: clear tips

Front 17

When to use filter tips

Back 17

When performing PCR or working with RNA

Front 18

Hanging pipet tip

Back 18

Don’t let the tip touch any object ( gloves, clothes, hair, skin, bench, etc.)

Front 19

How far should you immerse the pipet in the solution

Back 19

3-4 mm (not as deep as possible)

Front 20

To deliver volume:

Back 20

-place the tip into the receiving vessel.

-depress the plunger to the point.

-wait 1 second

-continue to press the plunger all the way to the bottom-this expels all the liquid.

-THEN WITHOUT RELEASING THE PLUNGER, withdraw the tip.

Front 21

Agarose

Back 21

In gel electrophoresis, samples to be separated are applied to a porous gel medium made of a material called agarose.

Front 22

Agarose

Back 22

I’m gel electrophoresis, samples to be separated are applied to a porous gel medium made of a material called agarose.

Front 23

Purpose of dyes

Back 23

Help researchers track the progress of the DNA as they migrate through gel

Front 24

Agarose

Back 24

in gel electrophoresis, samples to be separated are applied to a porous gel medium

Front 25

Purpose of dyes

Back 25

Help researchers track the progress of the DNA as they migrate through gel

Front 26

What charge does DNA have

Back 26

Negative

Front 27

Larger the piece of DNA

Back 27

Slower it moves through the gel

Front 28

More compact the fragment of DNA

Back 28

The faster it will move

Front 29

Restriction fragments

Back 29

A fragment of a DNA molecule that has been cut by a restriction enzyme

Front 30

3 most important properties determine date of movement of molecules during electrophoresis

Back 30

1) size of molecule

2) matrix pore size

3) charge of the molecule

Front 31

What is the gel matrix made of?

Back 31

Agarose

Front 32

What causes the molecules to move through the gel?

Back 32

Electricity, opposite electrical charges attract each other.

Front 33

Steps of gel electrophoresis

Back 33

1) cut DNA sample with restriction enzymes

2) run the DNA fragments through a gel.

3) bands will form in the gel.

4) everyone’s DNA bands are unique and can be used to identify a person

5) DNA are like “genetic fingerprints”

Front 34

If a well is loaded with macromolecules containing a positive charge, which way will they move?

Back 34

Towards the cathode or depending on their size, the will not move at all.

Front 35

DNA is stained with

Back 35

Ethidium bromide

Front 36

DNA ladder

Back 36

A molecular-weight size marker, aka protein ladder

Front 37

DNA control lanes

Back 37

Carry the origin cut/uncut plasmids

Front 38

6th lane contains

Back 38

Recombinant plasmids

Front 39

What gives DNA it’s negative charge?

Back 39

Phosphoric Acid is soluble in water

Front 40

What gives DNA it’s negative charge?

Back 40

Phosphoric Acid is soluble in water

Front 41

What do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

Back 41

Plastids

Front 42

Chloroplasts

Back 42

In green plant cells that contains chlorophyll where photosynthesis takes place

Front 43

Xylem

Back 43

Tubes that are responsible for transporting water to the thylakoid

Front 44

Thylakoids

Back 44

Each separate stack in a grana

Front 45

Stroma

Back 45

Fluid-filled space outside the

Front 46

Stomata

Back 46

Main purpose: let gases like oxygen and water vapor pass through

Front 47

Glucose

Back 47

The product that is produced during CR

Front 48

NADPH

Back 48

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. It released during photosystem

Front 49

Dark reactions

Back 49

Independent

Front 50

Light reactions

Back 50

Dependent

Front 51

Where does light reactions occur?

Back 51

Thylakoid membranes

Front 52

Where does light reactions occur?

Back 52

Thylakoid membranes

Front 53

In light reactions, light energy excites....

Back 53

Electrons

Front 54

Where does light reactions occur?

Back 54

Thylakoid membranes

Front 55

In light reactions, light energy excites....

Back 55

Electrons

Front 56

Electrons become part of the

Back 56

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Front 57

Electron transport chain creates the energy carrying molecules

Back 57

ATP and NADPH

Front 58

Dark reactions occur in the...

Back 58

Stroma

Front 59

Dark reactions occur in the...

Back 59

Stroma

Front 60

Dark reactions occur in the stroma and take in carbon from the atmosphere in a process known as

Back 60

Carbon fixation

Front 61

Carbon fixation is the first step in the

Back 61

Calvin cycle

Front 62

The Calvin cycle is used to create

Back 62

Glucose

Front 63

NADPH and ATP contain energy used to fuel

Back 63

The Calvin cycle

Front 64

Glucose

Back 64

The product that is produced during CR

Front 65

Photosynthesis occurs in the cells of the...

Back 65

Leaf

Front 66

Photosynthesis occurs in the cells of the lead specifically in the...

Back 66

Chloroplasts

Front 67

Chloroplasts contain pigments that absorb

Back 67

Light

Front 68

Light reactions (dependent) require...

Back 68

Sunlight and water

Front 69

Water in light reactions is broken down during a process called

Back 69

Photosynthesis

Front 70

Photosynthesis is broken down into

Back 70

Electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen.

Front 71

Photosynthesis is broken down into

Back 71

Electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen.

Front 72

Electrons and hydrogen ions are used in

Back 72

the Electron Transport Chain

Front 73

Oxygen from photosynthesis is

Back 73

Released into the atmosphere

Front 74

Photosynthesis

Back 74

The process in the plant where energy is absorbed and converted into sugar by the the light and dark (Calvin cycle) reactions.