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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chapter 3: Physical, Perceptual, and Motor Development in Infancy
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(You can do this) |
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Gross & Fine Motor Development
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Gross: Full body – Creep & Crawl, Pull to Stand, Sitting Alone (7 mo.)
Fine: Hands/Manipulating Objects – Reaching and grasping, Handedness by two years of age |
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Fine Motor Milestones (WITH AGES)
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Reaching for objects – 4 mo.
Pincer Grasp (Using them & pointer) – 7-9 mo. Handedness – Well established by 2 years *Variability in timing but consistency in order! |
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Gross Motor Milestones (WITH AGES) page 99
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Sitting alone – 7 months
Creeping/Crawling – 10 months Pull to stand – 12 months Walk alone – 15 months |
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1. What does it mean that that motor milestones are relative? In general, should parents worry if their children do not achieve milestones such as sitting up and walking at the same time as other infants? Why or why not?
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ACTIVITY B They should not worry because it could depend on a lot of environmental. The only thing they should worry about is their ability to turn their head within 2-3 months or if they are rigid.
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Descrie newborn’s smell of taste, smell and touch
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Taste & smell are both well developed from amiotic fluid and breast milk.
All newborns have a sweet tooth, and react well to it. Prefer speech of humans as opposed to complex sounds. Can hear prenatally at 7-8 months. Touch is also well developed since they are sensitive to pain and reach. Vision is the LEAST developed. Prefer to look at objects 8-12 inches away. Full color division from 4-7 months. Birth has about (20/450) vision. (20/20 by 8months to a year). |
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DeCasper & Spence study:
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You can tell they are sensitive to human language because they prefer the cat and the hat story in particular when the mother read to them 1.5 months before birth. You could tell by the increased sucking rate. They can hear in eutero. They’re sensitive to the rhythm of mom’s voice.
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Vision: DEPTH PERCEPTION WITH THE GLASS FLOOR
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Acuity: The squares:
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Habituation-Dishabituation:
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? |
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What research methods are used to assess infant vision?
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Lights Preferential looking Habituation with the photo of a dog vs. photo of a cat
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Visual Cliff
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You are looking to see whether they acknowledge that there is a depth difference. Mother’s face signs of fear versus signs of happiness will discourage/encourage them.
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Chapter 4: Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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(Just have faith in your ability) |
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Piaget’s Constructive Theory? What are the stages?
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Constructive because the child constructs their knowledge based on interactions with the environment
Stages: -Qualitative differences in thinking -Invariant Aggression -Universal |
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According to Piaget, what is scheme? Accommodation vs. Assimilation?
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Scheme: Patterns of behavior to learn about the world
Assimilation: Think everything is the same. All cats are dogs since I have a dog. Accommodation: I can tell the difference between a cat and a dog. |
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What is the sensorimotor period?
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First of four of Piaget’s stages. Birth to 2 years Infants understand the world through their actions in it.
6 Substages: 1.Reflexive Schemes: (Birth – 1 month) -- They are learning through those infant reflexes 2. PRIMARY Circular Reaction: (1-4 months) – Repeat behaviors oriented toward own body that lead to satisfaction (Ex. Rubs his arm, likes it, does it again)
3. SECONDARY Circular Reactions: Repeat accidental actions on environment (Ex. Pull tail of cat, cat reacts, baby enjoys that reaction, does it again) **Object Permanence Task: Fail object permanence. “Out of sight, out of mind”. Infants younger than 8 months will make this mistake.
4. Coordination of Secondary Circular Reaction (8-12 months) – Combine secondary reactions into complex action sequences Goal-Directed Behavior-Coordinate schemes to eventually solve problems **Object permanence, where they can find it under the original blanket, but not the second one
5. Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months): Experimental and creative reactions. They’re repeating behaviors, but not the exact same thing. Ex. Throwing food off of their high chair, throwing spoon off of hair chair, etc.
6. Mental Representation (18-24 months): Create mental images/symbols, Ex: Know to put a play phone up to face / Use finger as knife |
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What are circular reactions? Object permanence – A/B Study?
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Circular reactions: (1-4 months) Repeated behaviors
Object Permanence: Recognizing that an object continues to exist even though you can’t see it. A – recognize that it is under one but cannot get over that it is under that A blanket |
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Preoperational Stage? Preoperational Thought?
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(2-7 Years) Development of representation, language development, make believe play, Characteristics of thought:
1. Egocentrism: Inability to distinguish viewpoints of others like the Mountain task 2.Animistic Thinking: Believe inanimate objects have lifelike features 3.Difficulty distinguishing appearance and reality. This is why Disney World works, but why Halloween could be quite frightening. 4. Failure on conservation tasks: Beaker with juice failure. & conservation of number 5. Not capable of operations: Not capable of mental representations of actions that obey logical rules 6. Not reversible 7. Centration: Only focus on one aspect of a situation (height, but not weight of beaker) 8. Lack of hierarchical classification: cannot organize objects into classes and subclasses - more beads or blue beads? |
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Why is language important for Vygotsky?
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He thinks that development is based on social interactions (language). His theory says that cognitive processes develop through joint activities with more mature partners.
Internalization: Process by which social information becomes personalized/internal. This is the concept of “inner speech” like when tying shoes. Intersubjectivity: Shared understanding of task Scaffolding: Adult adjusts assistance to fit child’s current level of performance. Helping them do addition until they can do it themselves. *Zone of Proximal Development |
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Zone of Proximal Develoment
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Part of scaffolding
The most optimal level of scaffolding that you would do for a child. Where they cannot do it themselves but CAN do it with help |
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4 components of language:
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1.Phonology – the sounds
2.Semantics – Meanings of words Morphemes – Mom vs. Moms 3.Syntax – combining words into sentences Grammar 4. Pragmatics: Determining how to join in communication with others |
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Speech segmentation? Why is it necessary?
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It is when infants start understanding the probability that two syllables will occur together “pretty baby”. Necessary for hearing a sentence and knowing how many words are in it.
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Categorical Speech perception? How do infants younger than 1 do? Why?
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We perceive speech sounds categorically. “B” sounds versus “P” sounds. One can discriminate stimuli between categories “J and P” but not within categories “B and P”. Babies can hear all of the distinctions, but then we lose that by age one and only hear what is in our native language. This is because they start to perceive sounds, forming the same categories that adults do.
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2 ways children can form a referent of a word:
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1. Joint Focus of Attention: Child and adult pay attention to same object. Adult points,
2. Perceptual Features of Objects: Shape bias – using objects’ shapes to extend label to other example 3. Principle of Multiple Exclusivity: You recognize all of the others, so then you know that the object you don’t know is with the new word. 4. Syntatic Bootstrapping: Referring to the rest of the sentence to get the meaning 5.Infant directed Speech: Make language features more noticeable – exaggerated tone and syllables |
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Milestones of language development in first 2 years
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2 months: Cooing
6 months: Babbling 12 months: First Words Avg. 5 New Words Per day. 18-22 months: Naming explosion 24 months: combine words 4-5 Years: Understand and produce most grammatical productions |
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3 explanations of language Development
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Nativist – Language is biologically based, since how else would babies learn what we do not teach them? *Pidgin Languages – deaf Nicaragua sign language
Behaviorist – Language is acquired through principles of learning. Correct language usage is enforced, incorrect is not. *Poverty of the stimulus with sign language – children were learning quicker than their parents were teaching???? Interactionist: Language is a product of biology and experience. Cognitive abilities and social interactions are key. |
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Chapter 5: Socioemotional Development in Childhood
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(You got this!) |
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Development of Emotional expression in Infancy.
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Newborns – Pleasure and distress.
By 8-9 months – they can express all basic emotions (joy, anger, fear, interest, disgust, distress, sadness, surprise) – these are universal across culture Social smile appears around 2-3 months Anger emerges around 4-6 months Fear emerges after 6 months Social referencing (Moms face at cliff) – 12 months Complex Emotions – 18-24 months – pride, guilt, shame, embarrassment, empathy, |
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Age related changes in smiling over your life
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Endogenous smile/smile reflex – involves only lower muscles of face/mouth (Not the eyes). Seen during sleep. High pitched tone. Social Smile: 2-3 months of age.
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What is empathy? When does it emerge? How is it healthy?
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ACTIVITY C??? Ability to think of others. Babies cry when other babies cry.
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What is self-awareness? When does it emerge ?
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Rouge Test: Put baby in front of mirror with lipstick on its nose. Before 15 month, touches mirror. After 15 month, touches own nose.
By 18-24 months recognizes self as separate entity that continues to exist |
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Social referencing?
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In uncertain situations, infants use emotional expressions of parents to decide how to react – Looking at mom’s face to cross glass cliff
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Temperament & it’s components
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Temperament is a consistent style of reactivity and behavior. Born with a certain temperament. Early emerging, stable and slightly genetic.
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Strange situation:
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Study with mom, baby and stranger where mom leaves.
Results showed that babies with secure attachment (the only good version)would cry regardless of if they were alone or if a stranger was trying to comfort them, showing that it was truly the connection with the mom that mattered. The other three are Not Distressed, Ambivalent, and Disorganized. |
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4 Types by Mary Ainsworth -
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Secure – Mentioned above!
Not Distressed – Easily comforted by stranger, ignore/avoid mom at reunion, stem from used to mom leaving Resistant/Ambivalent – Upset when mom leaves, upset when she returns, not readily comforted by mom, clingy babies that are used to their moms always around Disorganized – Confused when mom leaves, don’t know how to react, inconsistent behavior, sometimes disinterested in toys |
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Long term effects of an infants attachment? Daycare influence attachment?
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Daycare doesn’t influence attachment unless everything is very bad on all sides.
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Stranger Anxiety? When is this common? Stranger wariness?
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Does not get comforted by stranger at all. This is common from around 6-9 months old.
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Chapter 6: Cognitive and Physical Development in Middle Childhood
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(You are smarter than you think) |
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Concrete Operational Stage of Development:
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7-11 Years Does things if they can see it, concretely before them. Mental operations emerge, big turning point. Flexible, logical and organized when applied to thought. What is an operation?
1. Conservation: Decentration, Reversibility, Identity (Appearance does not change amount) 2. Hirearchical Classification: Can correctly answer – more beads than blue beads. 3. Seriation: Can put sticks in order from shortest to tallest |
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Formal Operations Stgae & How it differs
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11 years and older Develop capacity for abstract, scientific thinking
Hypothetic-deductive reasoning: Begin with general outcome, deduce specific hypotheses, test in order orderly fashion & Propositional Thought: Can evaluate statements without referring to everyday circumstances |
