Final Developmental Psych Exam

Front 1

Developmental Psychology

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YOU CAN DO THIS! YOU LOVE THIS STUFF!

Front 2

Study Questions for Unit 4: Adult Development

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Final Exam

Front 3

Chapter 10: Becoming an Adult—Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development

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Chapter 10

Front 4

Describe cognitive development during adulthood. What is postformal thought?

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Increases gradually level off during adulthood (20s and 30s).

Your expertise knowledge can increase, but your overall intelligence will stay consistent.

Postformal thought emerges in young adulthood: relies on subjective experience, intuition, and logic. Not everything is as black and white as we used to think.

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Chapter 11: Forming Relationships in Young and Middle Adulthood

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Chapter 11

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1. What are the characteristics of friendship during adulthood?

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Emotional basis, communal (activities of mutual interest), compatibility (fun in recreation).

Women: Emotional sharing (what's going on in life)

Men: Shared activities or interests, not emotional sharing

Front 7

According to Sternberg, what are the three components of love? Briefly describe each

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Passion: Physical/Psychological Arousal.

Intimacy:Emotional component, sharing thoughts feelings with each other.

Commitment: Cognitive component, willingness to stay with someone.

*Need Intimacy & commitment for long lasting relationship

Front 8

What is assortative mating?

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"Birds of a feather flock together" (Physical proximity & timing are important)

Front 9

Briefly describe the characteristics of singlehood.

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Not married or living with someone.

Temporarily single: Looking for a suitable partner

vs.

Choosing to remain single.

Front 10

Briefly describe the characteristics of cohabitation. Why do couples cohabitate?

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Unmarried couples living together. Becoming more common.

Why?

1. Part-time: Financial reasons, no long term commitment.

2.Pre-marital "Trial" period.

3. Substitute marriage.

Front 11

Briefly describe the characteristics of gay and lesbian couples.

Back 11

They have family and societal issues. Support from family and friends may vary, and they will likely bump up against legal issues.

Front 12

Briefly describe the characteristics of married couples. How are marriage demographics changing in the US? Why are these changes occurring?

Back 12

Most adults want marriage. Men at around 28, women at around 26.

Front 13

Describe several factors that help marriages succeed.

What is exchange theory?

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Homogamy: Similar interests.

Equity: Feeling equal.

Cognitive development: must know own identity.

Exchange theory: When both partners feel fair and equal exchange of something that the other would be hard pressed to provide.

Front 14

How does marital satisfaction change over time? What factors influence these changes? Illustrate with examples.

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It declines with time and with birth of children, rises later in life when children leave & retirement

Front 15

What factors influence people’s decisions to have children? Why is this decision so important? What is the difference between nuclear and extended families?

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70% of married couples in the US have children.
Benefits -personal satisfaction of "This is mine", fulfilling personal needs, continuing family line, companion ship.
Cons - expenses & lifestyle changes.

Nuclear Family: A couple and their dependent children.

Extended: Aunts, uncles, cousins, etc.

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Chapter 12: Work and Leisure in Young and Middle Adulthood

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Chapter 12

Front 17

What is the meaning of work?

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Earning a living is the main purpose. Identities can be defined by occupation. They give meaning, prestige, personal growth and giving to others (social influence)

Front 18

According to Super, what are the five stages of occupational development/vocational maturity? Briefly describe each stage. How does this theory apply to US workers today?

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SUPER's 5 stages: (I.E.M.D.R)

Implementation (Early 20s, learn first hand about your work),

Establishment(select specific occupation and advance),

Maintenance(Decrease time for work roles, coach a soccer team, etc),

Deceleration(Planning for retirement, important to plan),

Retirement (Stop working full time).

For US workers, it is simply not true that we choose one occupation and keep it until retirement.

Front 19

Briefly describe general trends in job satisfaction and factors that influence it. What are mentors and why are they influential?

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Job satisfaction increases with age, self-selection, focus on other aspects of life, changing responsibilities at work & home. May be cyclical.

Mentor: Experienced and trusted adviser who knows more than you do and can guide your steps.

Front 20

What are alienation and burn out in the work place?

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Alienation: You don't feel valued or you don't find your work meaningful, so you cut yourself off from others

Burnout: Depletion of energy & motivation due to pace and pressure of job, most common in Helping professions.

Front 21

Briefly describe instances of discrimination in the work place. What is the glass ceiling?

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Gender and ethnicity: Females & Non-white

Glass Ceiling: Level beyond which women and minorities may not rise. Fewer women and minorities in executive positions. Women earn less than men for the same job.

Front 22

How is occupational development shaped by gender and ethnicity? Illustrate with examples.

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Example: Landlord encouraged replies from white applicants more than black applicants.

Example: White names vs. Black names determined quality of resume.

Front 23

What is work-family conflict? How might people balance work and family life? What roles does gender play?

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Work-family conflict: Difficult regardless of lifestyle. Could be a spillover effect for working mothers in balancing life.

*Balance is INCREDIBLY important to manage conflict.

*Regardless of employment status, women perform majority of household chores.

Front 24

How does leisure affect well-being?

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Helps mental health in women and buffers effects of stress and negative life events. Can even lower risk of mortality.

Front 25

Chapter 13: Making it in Midlife

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Chapter 13

Front 26

Briefly describe changes in appearance that occur during middle adulthood. How does our culture generally approach these changes?

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Joint stiffness, loss of bone mass (Osteoporosis is a disease marked by severe loss of bone mass, leading to fractures and stooped appearance.)

Front 27

What is osteoporosis?

How can it be prevented and treated?

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Osteoporosis: Disease marked by severe loss of bone mass, leads to fractures and stooped appearance.

It can be prevented by getting enough calcium to build strong bones. Do weight-bearing exercise. Smoking, high protein diets, alcohol, caffeine and sodium increase risk.

Biosphonates are most commonly used medical intervention to slow breakdown process.

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What is the climacteric? How does menopause affect women?

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Climacteric: Loss of ability to bear children through natura means.

Menopause means that menstruation becomes irregular and stops, with a dramatic drop in estrogen. You get hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, libido, difficulty sleeping, headaches, rapid heartbeat, stifness.

Front 29

Briefly describe the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy for women.

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Estrogen replacement therapy -

It can reduce the risk of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, stress urinary incontinence, weight gain and memory loss. However, there's an increased risk of breast cancer, heart attack, stroke, and blood clots.

Front 30

What physical changes do men experience during middle adulthood?

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Theyre less dramatic. Maintain ability to have children, though fertility declines. Prostrate problems, including cancer, become increasingly common, some experience decline in testosterone.

Front 31

Briefly describe cognitive development during middle age.

Why are expertise and practical intelligence important?

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Middle age is relatively quiet period, develop high-level skills like expertise and flexibility, practical intelligence and lifelong learning.

Practical intelligence is the broad range of skills related to how individuals shape select or adapt to their physical abad social environments. They're more REAL WORLD.

Expertise is important because it is experience based, they have a higher ability to skip steps toward an advantage, they're more flexible, creative and curious. They have a wealth of knowledge about alternative ways to reach a solution.

Front 32

When do cognitive abilities begin to decline? Why do cross-sectional and longitudinal studies yield different developmental trajectories?

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According to Seattle, (longitudinal study over 35 years) adults have modest gains into 50s, then gradual decline.

However, cross sectional studies show steep declines beginning in late 40s and early 50s and continuing through old age.

Difference is in cohort effects.

Front 33

What is generativity? Briefly describe several avenues for generativity.

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Helping others to ensure continuiuation of society (Vs. stagnation)

Avenues: Parenting, mentoring, volunteering, foster grandparent programs

Front 34

What is midlife crisis? What does research suggest about its occurrence?

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Most people believe they have or will have this experience. Research fails to support that it is a common experience, there are unique challenges in midlife, including reevaluation of self, most peole deal with them and don't face a true crissis.

Front 35

Briefly describe family dynamics during middle age, including relationships with children and grandchildren and caring for aging parents. What is the sandwich generation?

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Parent-child relationships improve as children become young adults. Middle aged adults often involved in lives of children and parents. Sandwhich generation-Daughters 3 times more likely to provide care for parents than are sons.

Front 36

Chapter 14: Physical, Cognitive, and Mental Health Issues in Late Adulthood

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Chapter 14

Front 37

Briefly describe the demographics of aging. Why is the number of older adults growing so rapidly? How will these changing demographics affect society?

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Historical trends: Historicaly, elders are treated with respect, but now being young is super important. The proportion of adults growing dramaticaly, especially in industrialized nations because we have better health care, lower mortality during childbirth, and we are educated.

*Older women outnumber older men in US.

Political/economic power will shift upward, pressure on pension and health care systems, pressure on human services, .

Front 38

How do average, useful, and maximum life expectancies differ? What factors influence life expectancy? Briefly describe ethnic, gender, and international differences in life expectancy.

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Longevity: Number of years a person lives.

Average life expectancy: Age at which half of the popel born in a particular year will have died.

Useful life expectancy: Number of years free from impairment.

Maximum life expectancy: Longest life possible (about 120 years). Genetic factors (family history), environmental factors (disease, toxins, lifestyle, SES).

Front 39

Briefly describe the characteristics of the young-old

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The Young old. 60-80 years old. They have a lot to look forward to. More people are living longer and better. Cognitive and emotional processes largely in tact. High levels of well being. Effective strategies to cope with changes of agin.

Front 40

Briefly describe the characteristics of the oldest-old.

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Oldest old is over 80 years old. Limits in daily functioning. Sizable losses in cognitive abilities, negative effects of chronic stress, high prevalence of dementia, frailty, chronic conditions, problems: quality of life and dying with dignity.

Front 41

Briefly describe several factors that influence longevity.

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Genetic Factors: Family history

Environmental Factors: Disease, toxins, lifestyle, Social class: access to healthcare.

Front 42

Describe four theories of aging.

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1. Wear and Tear Theory: Body gradually deteriorates and eventually wears out.

2. Cellular Theories: Processes within individual cells - Hayflick limit: Limit on number of times cell can divide: determined by length of chromosome tips (telomeres), Buildup of free radicals in cells. Stiffening of elastic tissues (muscles & arteries).

3. Metabolic Theories: Slowing of metabolism and decreased ability to deal with stress.

4.Genetically programmed cell death.

Front 43

How do neurons change during old age? What are the impacts of these changes?

Back 43

They impair your ability to transmit information, and therefore how well you function.

You can get neurofibrillary tangles: axons become twisted together, or neuritic plaques: Groups of dead and dying neurons around protein core

Front 44

Describe respiratory and circulatory changes during old age. What are the impacts of these changes?

Back 44

Heart & vessels: Decrease in muscle. Increases risk of cardiovascular disease. Stiffening. Stiffening of rib cage and air passages.

Destruction of air sacs in lungs - Decreases amount of air per breath

Impacts: Heart attacks, vascular dementia, hypertension, stroke, etc.

Front 45

How do vision, hearing, and balance change during old age? What are the impacts of these changes?

Back 45

Vision: You need more light to see well, difficult seeing close objects clearly (presbyopia), cataracts (opaque spots on lens), glaucoma: Fluid pressure in eye, Decline in acuity, decline in ability to focus at different distances.

Hearing: General hearing loss. Less sensitive to high-pitched tones (presbycusis).

Changes in balance -can lead to falls.

Front 46

How do attention, reaction time, and memory change in old age? What are the impacts of these changes?

Back 46

Attention remains largely intact (simple tasks, moderate pace).

General slowing of response time (takes longer to DECIDE response that is needed).

Older people have worse episodic memory, but there is NO difference in semantic memory ( meanings of words, concepts not tied to a specific time or event).

Impact: You can't remember what happened months ago, but you can still communicate and use language.

Front 47

Describe the characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease. How is Alzheimer’s disease diagnosed? What can be done to help people with Alzheimer's disease and their families?

Back 47

Involves serious impairment of behavioral and cognitive functioning. Prevalence increases dramatically with age, low rates in the 50s, but about 25% of people 85 and older. Can only be diagnosed post-moretem.

Front 48

Chapter 16: Dying and Bereavement

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Chapter 16

Front 49

Describe the characteristics of clinical death, brain death, and persistent vegetative state.

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Whole brain death: you have no spontaneous respirations, no response to painful stimuli, no pupil responses, no motor reflexes & flat EEG.

Persistent vegitative state: Absence of cortical brain functioning, but not of brainstem functioning. No awareness of self or surroundings, despite operation of basic life systems & person does not recover.

Euthanasia: Practice of ending life for reasons of mercy.

Active Euthanasia: Deliberate ending of someone's life.

Passive euthanasia: Allowing a person to die by withholding available treatment - Very complex.

Front 50

What is euthanasia? How do active and passive euthanasia differ? What ethical issues are involved in euthanasia decisions?

Back 50

Active Euthanasia: Deliberately ending someone's life.

Passive Euthanasia: Allowing a person to die by withholding treatment.

Front 51

According to Kübler-Ross, what five emotions are involved in thinking about death?

Back 51

5 Emotions: D.A.B.D.A

Denial/Isolation, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance,

Front 52

Describe the general progression of thinking.

Back 52

It's a complicated personal process.

Active coping: Acknowledgement of reality of loss, work through emotional turmoil, adjustment to environment without deceased, loosen ties,

Takes a lot of time

Social support is important

Front 53

Briefly describe bereavement, grief, and mourning. What factors influence these process? Briefly describe cultural differences.

Back 53

Bereavement: Condition caused by being deprived of a loved one.

Grief: Sorrow, hurt, anger, guilt, FEELINGs that arise after suffering a loss. Responds to emotional pulls.

Mourning: The ways we EXPRESS our grief. Mourning is highly influenced by culture.

In latin american countries, there men display their sadness more openly.

Front 54

A realistic understanding of death is based on three ideas. Briefly describe these ideas.

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1.Permanence - Dead things stay dead.

2.Universality: All living things eventually die. 3.Nonfunctionality: All living functions (thought, feeling, movement) cease at death.

Front 55

How do young children, children, adolescents, young adults, middle adults, and older adults think about and deal with death? Briefly describe the loss of a spouse, parent, and child.

Back 55

Children having fewer coping mechanisms, so you have to allow them to express themselves, ease their fears, be honest and simple, encourage their attendance at services.

-Young preschoolers believe death is temporary/magical.

-5-7 years understand that it is permanent.

-7-10 years understand the components.

Adolescents may have trouble making sense of loss (trying to forge own identity).

Young adults have intense feelings about death (launching career and family)

Losing a child is the MOST difficult.

Middle adults: Often cope with loss of parents and own sense of mortality.

Older adults are less anxious about death than other ages.

Front 56

PRESENTATION QUESTIONS

Back 56

-presentation questions-

Front 57

Which is NOT a requirement for a patient to be eligible for PAS under Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act?

- The patient must be referred for a psychiatric evaluation.

- The patient must be ill with a terminal disease.

- The patient must make a well-informed decision.

- The patient must be capable of requesting aid in dying.

Back 57

Answer: The patient must be referred for a psychiatric evaluation

Front 58

According to the data presented in the article about physicians’ experiences with the Oregon Death with Dignity Act, how often did physicians grant a prescription for a lethal medication?

-1 in 10 requests

-1 in 20 requests

-1 in 6 requests

-1 in 2 requests

Back 58

Answer: 1 in 6 Requests

Front 59

Which of the following is not an argument for those against dying with dignity?

-looking at the care process, not looking for a cure

-taking the right of life and organ transplants into consideration

-remembering other factors that play into the decision, such as mental illnesses

-realizing that family influences are inevitable

Back 59

Answer: Taking the right of life and organ transplants into consideration

Front 60

If video games do not cause an increase in aggression then what are some other explanations to maybe explain the increase in violence in our society?

- Video games do lead to aggression in our society

-Too much school work leads to our kids being violent

-The way we rear our children and the behaviors we teach our kids

-There is no violence in our society it is all overblown

Back 60

Answer: The way we rear our children and the behaviors we teach our kids

Front 61

What is the most common drug among teenagers?

-Tobacco

-Alcohol

-Heroin

-Cocaine

Back 61

Answer: Alcohol

Front 62

Which of the following preschoolers do you think is more self-reliant and has more social independence (dressing themselves, working out problems with playmates by themselves)?

-Those who began co-sleeping in infancy

-Began co-sleeping at age 1

-Began co-sleeping at age 3

-Solitary Sleepers (never co-slept)

Back 62

Answer: Those who began co-sleeping in infancy

Front 63

At what stage in cognitive development are people most affected by exposure to violent games or violent media?

-childhood

-young adulthood

-Adolescent

-adulthood

Back 63

Answer: Childhood

Front 64

Which of the following is NOT a pro of co-sleeping?

- Breastfeeding is terminated later

-Co-sleeping infants/children learn to self-soothe later than non-co-sleeping children

- Parents will get more sleep

-Children can develop a closer bond for parents who work during the day

Back 64

Answer: Co-sleeping infants/children learn to self-soothe later than non-co sleeping children. That is a CON.

Front 65

At what age does the average American consume his/her first standard drink of alcohol?

-12

-14

-16

-21

Back 65

Answer: 12

Front 66

What is the best type of parenting while teaching your children about alcohol use?

-Authoritarian

-Authoritative

-Permissive

-Uninvolved

Back 66

Answer: Authoritative