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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Three Data Gathering Techniques |
Interviews, Observations, Experiments |
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What allow influences about cause & effect and rely on random assignments |
Experimental Designs |
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Inter-rater Reliability |
The amount of agreement in the observations of different raters who witness the same behavior |
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How can research promote a child's well-being? |
It results in early diagnoses which then results in treatment and prevention. |
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Variables |
Attitudes that vary accross individuals & situations, sex, age and personality are examples |
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Experimental Group: |
Set of children in an experimental design who get experiences of interest |
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What did Plato believe? |
self-control and discipline children are born with innate knowledge |
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Example of the counting on strategy |
When children are asked to add 3+5 and they start at number 5 and say 6,7,8 before answering with number 8 |
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What is the scientific method? |
Approach to testing beliefs |
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How do children shape their own development? |
By teaching themselves though playing, language and attention patterns |
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How do children become so different from each other? |
Their genetics, The way their parents treat them, They way they react to certain things and the environments that they choose. |
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What is epigenetics? |
The study of stable changes in gene expression that are mediated by the environment |
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What are genes that we receive from our parents? |
Nature |
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Longitudial Design: |
Design where children of the same age are studied two or more times over a longer period of time. |
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Third-variable problem: |
The concept that a correlation between two variables may stem from both being influenced by some third party variable |
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Steps of the scientific method: |
Develop a question Create a hypothesis Test your hypothesis Draw a conclusion |
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Validity |
The degree in which a test measures what its intended to measure |
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Experimental Design |
A group of approaches that allow influences about cause & effects to be drawn |
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the environment, both physical and social, that influence our development: |
Nurture |
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Direction-of-causation problem: |
The concept that a correlation between two variables doesn't indicate which, if either, variables is the cause of the other |
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Experimental control |
The ability of researchers to determine the specific experiences that children have during the course of an experiment |
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Random Assignment: |
When each child has the same chance of being assigned to each group within an experiment |
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Reliability |
degree to which independent measurements of a given behavior are consistent. |
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Genome: |
complete set of hereditary info. |
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Control Group |
Group of children in an experimental design who aren't presented the experience of interest but in other ways are treated similarly |
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Why study development? |
understand human nature and choose social polocies |
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Correlation: |
association between two variables |
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What are Scarrs 4 reasons why children turn out different even from the same family? |
Genetics, the way their parents treat them, they way they react to things and the environments they choose |
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What is structured Observation? |
A method that involves presenting an identical situation to each child and recording the child's behavior |
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What is naturalistic observation? |
A method that involves observing children in their natural environment, an environment that is NOT controlled by the researcher |
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What is a clinical interview? |
A set of questions asked by a therapist where the therapist can change the questions based on interviewees response |
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What is a structured interview? |
A set of questions that can not be changed, all participants are asked to answer the SAME questions |
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Socioeconomic status (SES): |
a measure of social class based on income and education |
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Sociocultural Context: |
The physical, social, cultural, economic and historical circumstances that make up any childs environment |
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Test-retest reliability: |
The measure of similarity of a child's performance on 2 or more occasions
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What did Aristotle believe? |
all knowledge comes from experience |
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Development of Thinking and Reasoning: |
Cognitive Development |
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Cross-sectional Design: |
Children of different ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period |
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Microgenetic Design: |
Children of the same age are compared on a given behavior or characteristic repeatedly over a short period |
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Discontinuous development: |
When development occurs over a rapid, short amount of time. EX: a caterpillar turing into a butterfly |
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Continuous Development |
When development happens slow and in small increments EX: a tree growing |
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Developmental Systems View: |
Multiple interacting levels within the organism. NO SINGLE CAUSE, its a system! |
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Hypothesis |
educated guess |
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Approaches that propose the development involves a series of discontinuous, age-related phases: |
Stage Theories |
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Studies Intended to indicate how two variables are related to each other: |
Correlational Designs |
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External Validity: |
The degree to which results can be generalized beyond the particulars of research |
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Mythylation |
A biochemical process that influences behavior by suppressing gene activity and expression |
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Correlational Designs: |
Helps determine whether children who differ in 1 variable also differ in predictable ways in other variables |
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Internal Validity: |
The degree that effects can be attributed to the factor that the researcher is testing |
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How can research promote children't well-being? |
practical benefits (like programs to help children deal with anger) and educational innovations (some believe intelligence is set from birth and others believe it is changeable |
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How does developmental change occur? |
interaction of genes and environment determines both what changes occur and when they occur |
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What mechanisms allow for developmental change? |
Effortful Attention - gene influence - parenting influence - children's experience |
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Dependent Variable: |
Behavior that is measured to determine whether it is affected by exposure to the independent variable |
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Genetic material that an individual inherits: |
genotype |
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Environment: |
every aspect of an individual and his/her surroundings other than genes |
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Who believed that talent runs in families? |
Francis Galton |
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Multifactorial: |
Traits that are affected by the host of environmental factors as well as genetic ones |
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Many genes are never expressed, while some are only partially express. Why? |
About 1/3 of human genes have 2 or more different forms, known as alleles. |
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What is an Allele? |
two or more forms of a gene |
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What is the field of behavior genetics concerned with? |
How development results from the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. |
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Behavior Genetics: |
Science concerned with how variation in behavior and development results from the combination of genetic and environmental factors |
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Methods in developmental psychology |
reliability vs. validity correlation vs experiments data collection: interview, observation, experiment Study Designs: cross-sectional, longitudial and microgenetic |
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Who discovered how characteristics are transmitted from parent to offspring? |
Gregor Mendel |
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Who Discovered DNA? |
watson and crick |
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What is a phenotype |
observable expression of genotype including both body characteristics and behavior |
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Complete set of genes from any organism: |
genome |
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Disadvantages of Correlational Design: |
Third problem variable Direction-of-causation problem |
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Advantages of Correlational Design: |
Only way to compare many groups of interest Only way to establish relations among many variables of interest |
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Disadvantages of experimental design: |
need for experimental control often lead to artificial experimental situations Cant be used to study many differences and variables of interest |
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Advantages of Experimental Design: |
Allows casual inferences because design rules out direction of causation and third party variable. Allows experimental control over the exact experiences the children encounter |
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Disadvantages of Structured Observation: |
context is less natural than naturalistic observations. Reveals less about subjective experience than interviews |
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Advantages of Structured Observation: |
insures all child's behaviors are observed in the same context allows controlled comparison of child's behavior in different situations |
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Disadvantages of Naturalistic Observation: |
hard to tell which aspects of a situation are most influential Limited value for studying infrequent behaviors |
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Advantages of Naturalistic Observation: |
describes behavior in daily settings helps illuminate social interaction processes |
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Disadvantages of Interviews: |
Reports are biased to reflect favorably on interviewee Memories of client are often inaccurate and incomplete Prediction of future behaviors often is inaccurate |
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Advantages of Interview: |
Structured ones are inexpensive means for collecting in-depth data about someone Clinical ones allow flexibility for following unexpected comments. |
