Dental Materials Quiz 1

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Dental materials

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materials used in the treatment of dental disease

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preventive dental materials

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prevents progression of tooth decay/periodontal disease

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restorative materials

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Repairs or replaces tooth structure

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temporary restorative materials

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short term/ matter of months

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interim restorative materials

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used for a moderate time; 1-4 years

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permanent restorative materials

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used for 5 years or more

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Auxiliary dental materials

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used in the fabrication of prosthetics

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National Bureau of Standards (NBS)

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*Program that held FIRST controlled study of dental materials

*Evolved in need during WWI

*Made specifications for wrought and casting golds

*This program's Dental Research Fellowship was assumed by the ADA in 1928

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American Dental Association (ADA)

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*1928- this program assumed the Dental Research Fellowship at NBS

*Programs developed by this program are used by FDA as part of regulatory process for medical devices and products in the U.S.

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Council on Dental Materials, Instruments and Equipment (CDMIE)

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*1966- this program was created through cooperation between ADA and NBS

*1994- combined with Council on Dental Therapeutics and the Council on Dental Research to form the Council on Scientific Affairs (CSA)

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Council on Scientific Affairs

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*1994- this program was formed by combination of CDMIE, Council on Dental Therapeutics, and the Council on Dental Research

*A program in the ADA

*evaluates all dental drugs, materials, instruments and equipment

*only program authorized to grant the ADA seal

*Administrative sponsor of 2 standards committees

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ADA Standards Committee for Dental Products

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*Decides what tests are necessary for a material to meet the requirements of a specification

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American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

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*Directs two standards committees for the ADA's CSA

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Acceptance Program

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*Program of the ADA

*Voluntary program to which companies choose to submit their products (product samples, lab test results, clinical studies)

*Reviewed by CSA

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Process for a product to be evaluated for acceptance in ADA's acceptance program

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1.) CSA staff conduct preliminary data analysis

2.) Submission sent to outside consultants

3.) Submission forwarded to CSA for decision of ADA's Seal of Acceptance

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FDA

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*1976- given authority to help ADA control safety and efficacy for dental materials

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Classes of Efficacy Standards of the FDA

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Class I- general controls (manufacturing, labeling)

Class II- meets ADA, FDA, ISO standards

Class III- for untested products (requires biological tests and two independent clinical studies)

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International Standards Organization

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*international body dedicated to developing international standards

*includes ANSI as the U.S. member

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TC106- Dentistry

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*an international technical committee in the ISO responsible for standardizing terminology and test methods

*develops standards for dental materials, instruments, and equipment

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Physical considerations in oral environment

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1.) Biting forces

2.) Temperature changes

3.) Acidity

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Biological considerations in oral environment

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1.) Sensitivity (to micro leakage from imperfectly sealed margins)

2.) Galvanic Shock (gold crown touching new amalgam)

3.) Allergenicity/toxicity of materials

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Gas

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State of matter with free movement of molecules, low molecular attraction, and rapid diffusion

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Liquid

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State of matter in which attraction exists between molecules, but not enough to make molecules fixed; results in more internal friction and therefore slower diffusion rates

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solid

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State of matter in which molecules are relatively fixed and movement occurs as vibrations around fixed centers of location

Diffusion rates are slow

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Primary bonds

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Bonds in which the outer shell of electrons is stable

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Ionic bonds

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Electrostatic attraction of positive and negative charges, like in NaCl

Lower electrical and thermal activity seen in materials with these bonds than with metallic bonds

Brittle

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Covalent bonds

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Bonds that are strongly directional and have immovable bond angles; typical in organic compounds

Low electrical and thermal conductivity

valence electrons are shared equally between atoms

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Metallic bonds

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Formed by atoms possessing 1, 2, or 3 electrons in outer shells

Regular packing of atoms occurs, resulting in long range ordering

atoms are able to slide over one another

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Fluctuating dipoles

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A type of secondary bond with temporary partial charges which change; very weak

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Permanent dipoles

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Type of secondary bond in which partial charges arise from differences in electronegativity (like C-Cl bond)

molecular sliding is permitted; important in polymers

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Hydrogen bonds

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Strongest secondary bond

Permanent dipole