Culture And Psych Ch 5

Front 1

Cognition

Back 1

all mental processes we use to transform sensory input into knowledge. Processes include attention, sensation, and perception.

Front 2

priming

Back 2

a method usd to determine if one stimulus affects another

Front 3

blind spot

Back 3

a spot with no sensory receptors

Front 4

optical illusions

Back 4

preceptions that involve an apparent discrepancy between how an object looks, and what is actually is

Front 5

Carpentered world theory

Back 5

most americans are used to seeing things that are rectangular in shape and unconsciously come to expect things to have squared corners

Front 6

front horizntal foreshortening theory

Back 6

we interpret vertical lines as horizontal lines extending into the distance

assumes that the way we see the world is shaped through experiences

Front 7

symbolizing three dimensions in two

Back 7

people in western cultures focus more on representations on paper than do people in other cultures, and spend more time learning to interpret pictures

Front 8

Mueller-Lyer illusion experiment

Back 8

black and white american children, and from zambia

no difference between american children

difference in US. and Zambia

effects due to children living in a more carpentered environment

Front 9

analytic perception

Back 9

context independent perceptual processes

focuses on noticeable objects independently from context it is in

individualistic

Front 10

holistic perception

Back 10

context dependent, focus on relationships between objects and their context

collectivist

mostly nonwestern view of world

Front 11

attention

Back 11

the focussing of our limited capacities of consciousness on a particular set of stimuli

we process what we focus on more

Front 12

field independence

Back 12

can separate objects from their background fields (analytic thinkers should do better)

Front 13

field dependence

Back 13

tend to view objects as bound to their backgrounds

Front 14

categorizing

Back 14

is universal

the way people categorize is not

sorting categories vary

Front 15

serial position effect

Back 15

we remember things better if they are either the first (primacy effect) or last (recency effect) item in a list of things to remember

primacy effect shown stronger in children who went to school

Front 16

universal aspects of memory

Back 16

decrease as getting older

hindsight bias (adjusting memory for something after they find out true outcome)

Front 17

episodic memory

Back 17

recollection of specific events that took place at a particular time and place in the past

Front 18

gender stratification hypothesis

Back 18

gender differences are related to cultural variations in opportunity structures for women

Front 19

differences in logical thinking

Back 19

may have to be taught, can only be achieved through schooling

Front 20

Dialectical thinking

Back 20

the tendency to accept what seem to be contradictions in thought or beliefs

asian culture

Front 21

positive logical determinism

Back 21

a tendency to see contradictions as mutually exclusive categories, as either-or, yes-no,...

westerner

Front 22

naive dialectivism

Back 22

the belief that the truth is always somewhere in the middle

Front 23

counterfactual thinking

Back 23

hypothetical beliefs about the past that could have occurred in order to avoid or change negative outcome

ex. if only I had studied harder

classified into actions and inactions

emotion of regret and causes of it are universal

Front 24

social orientation hypothesis

Back 24

cultures differ in independent vs. dependent social orientation patterns

Front 25

culture and time

Back 25

different cultures experience time differently

long vs. short term orientation

Front 26

culture and pain

Back 26

culture influences the experience of pain by the cultural construction of pain sensation,

the signs of pain expression

and structure of pains causes and cures

and cultural display rules

the less acceptable pain expression, the higheer the pain tolerance

Front 27

culture and intelligence: nature

Back 27

differences in IQ scores between different societies and ethnic groups are mainly innate

twin studies revealed scores of identical twins raised in different envrionments were significantly more alike in IQ than fraternal twins raised together

argued that 40% of IQ is hereditary

Front 28

stereotype threat

Back 28

the threat that other judgements or their own actions will negatively stereotype them in the domain

Front 29

collective intelligence

Back 29

the skulls and abilities necessary to effectively accomplish cultural goals