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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Theory |
A set of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain and predict crime |
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Beccaria |
-to reform, humanize and rationalize the law -to protect the public, not avenge crime -written criminal code -reduce discretionary power of judges -allow trial by peers |
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Bentham |
Punishment should be deterrence not vengeance (certainty not severity) |
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Hedonistic Calculus |
The pleasure or thrill of crime will outweigh the fear of punishment |
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Purpose of Punishment |
To deter crime and reaffirm social order by reaffirming those who abide the law |
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Qualities of Punishment |
Must be certain, severe or swift |
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General Deterrence |
Preventative effect of the threat of punishment on the general population |
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Specific Deterrence |
Punishment is so powerful the criminals will not repeat their crimes |
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Assumptions of Social Bond Theory |
-people are born bad -individuals want to engage in deviance -consensus |
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Hirschi’s 4 Social Bonds |
1) Attachment 2) Commitment 3) Involvement 4) Belief |
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Critiques of Social Bond |
-temporal ordering (assumes reduced bonds cause crimes, but crime can reduce the bonds) -what if a committed activity involves breaking the law |
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History of Social Disorg |
-Atlanta Sociological Lab (WEB Debois + urban spatial conceptual framework) -Chicago School (Park, Burgess + Concentric Zone Model) |
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Concentric Zone Model |
-growing cities expand outward as people compete for good space CBD (center), zone of transition, working class, residential zone, commuter zone (outside) |
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Zone of Transition + Crime |
Rental properties, low rent costs, poor maintenance, poor retention |
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Collective Efficacy |
Neighbors trust each other and there’s a mutual willingness to intervene for the common good |
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Radicalized Policies + Practices that Shape Communities |
-Peterson + Krivo -redlighting -hotspot policing |
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Broken Window Theory |
Links visual signs of disorder to crime |
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Critiques of Broken Windows |
-tautology (disorder and crime stem from the same structural characteristics, redundant) |
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Differential Association |
-Sutherland -definitions, techniques, opportunity |
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Differential Association - Definitions |
-frequency -duration -priority -intensity |
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Influence of Psychology on Diff Association |
Operant conditioning, Bobo doll experiment |
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Social Learning Theory |
-HOW people learn definitions -crime is learned thru the same process as non-criminal behavior (definitions, diff association, diff reinforcement, imitation) |
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Techniques of Neutralization |
To rationalize violation of norms -Denial of Responsibility -Denial of Injury -Denial of Victim -Condemnation of the Condemners -Appeal to Higher Loyalties |
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American Dream + Crime |
The imbalance of goals and means. Want wealth, but can’t legitimately or legally obtain it |
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Merton’s Adaptations (Anomie Theory) |
-Conformity (+/+) -Innovation (+/-) -Ritualism (-/+) -Retreatism (-/-) -Rebellion (either, either) |
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Minimum Wage + Crime |
If people already have the means to accumulate wealth, they may not feel the pressure to commit crime |
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Negative Strain —> Crime |
-failure to achieve valued goal -remove or threaten to remove positive stimuli -present or threaten to present negative stimuli |
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Marxist Theory + Crime |
-analysis of punishment through the lens of class inequality -laws represent elite interests, punishment perpetuates class domination, utilization of prison labor |
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Critical Race Theory |
Criminal justice system operates as an instrument for racial oppression |
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Restorative Justice |
-Non-punitive approach to repair harm caused by criminal behavior -addresses victims needs + holds offenders accountable -involves communities |
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Social Interactionist Theory |
Symbolic interactionism - the self is based on how others perceive you |
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Labeling Theory |
-criminal is a label imposed on someone by society -how does the label impact the identity of the labeled individual? |
