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88 Cards in this Set

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Environmental Criminology

-examines the location of a specific crime and the context in which it occurred in order to understand an explain crime patterns


-where? when? characteristics of crime site?

Rational Choice Perspective

-Clark and Cornish


-assumes that people make decisions with the goal of maximizing good and minimizing bad


-based on traditional economic choice: argues that people will choose the option that will satisfy their needs

Routine Activity Approach


(Components of a Criminal Event)

-Cohen and Felson


-a crime can only occur if there is: and offender, a target, absence of guardian (witness) and personal handler (no one to control situation)

Lifestyle Theories

-8 propositions online (Ch 9)

Victim-Offender Interaction

-Marvin Wolfgang


-coined the term victim precipitation: refers to situations where victims initiate the confrontations that lead to their death


-estimated that 1/4 of homicides are victim precipitated

Theories of Victimization

-repeat victimization


-hotspots of crime


-geography of crime

C. Ray Jeffery

-environments can be altered, with little expense, to decrease victimization

Oscar Newman

-defensible space: improved public housing in order to provide increased security

Situational Crime Prevention

-auto theft


-convenience stores


parking facilities

Homicide

-the killing of one human by another


-not all are illegal

Murder

-the intentional killing of another person with malice forethought

Manslaughter

-the unlawful killing of another person without malice


-voluntary and involuntary

Voluntary Manslaughter

-intentionally killing another person but without malice


-ex: heat of passion crimes

Involuntary Manslaughter

-causing the death of another person unintentionally but by reckless behavior


-ex: drunk driving

Homicide Rates by Region

1. South (43.8%)


2. West (20.6%)


3. Midwest (19.9%)


4. Northeast (15.6%)

Serial Murder

-killing of 3+ people over an extended period of time

Spree Murder

-killing of 3+ people in a short period of time

Mass Murder

-killing of multiple people in one event of very quick succession

Assault

-an attack on another person to inflict injury and that is intended to frighten or cause physical harm

Battery

-an attack that results in touching or striking the victim

Degrees of Assault

-simple assault: one that inflicts little or no physical harm


-aggravated assault: one that inflicts serious harm or uses a deadly weapon

Family Related Crimes

-relationship abuse


-spouse abuse


-child abuse


-abuse of the elderly

Rape (Common Law)

-an act of enforced intercourse by a man towards a woman (not his wife) without her consent


-marital rape is now illegal in all 50 states

Stranger Rape

-the victim had little or no prior contact with the offender

Predatory Rape

-the offender intends and plans to rape the victim by pretending to go on a legitimate date

Date Rape

-a legitimate dating situation gone bad


-force is eventually used to gain sex from the consenting victim

Kindnapping

-abduction and holding by force and transport of the victim beyond where the crime was committed


-in US, often involves the parents

Lindbergh Law

-resulted from the kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindbergh's infant son in 1932

Robbery

-the taking of property by force and violence or threat of violence

Burglary

-unlawful entry into a structure to commit a felony or theft

Types of Robbers

-the professional robber


-the opportunist robber


-the addict robber


-the alcoholic robber

Organized Crime

-originated from immigrants from southern Italy


-the Mafia


-Rackateer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act


-Federal Witness Program

Terrorism

-the resort to violence or threat of violence from a group seeking to go against the another group of authority


-media is crucial

Other Threats

-hate crimes


-militias


-school violence


-youth and guns


-gun control

Larceny

-theft of personal property

Elements of Larceny (Further Definition)

1. a trespass


2. taking and


3. carrying away of


4. personal property


5. belonging to another


6. with the intent to never give it back

Other Types of Larceny

-shoplifting


-art theft


-motor vehicle theft


-boat theft

Types of Motor Vehicle Theft

-strip and run


-scissors job


-valet theft


-insurance fraud


-carjacking

Fraud

-obtaining property by false pretenses


-the victim is made to part with their property voluntarily as a result of the offenders lying about where the property is going

Other Types of Fraud

-confidence games: the offender gains the confidence of the victim and induces the victim in expectation of a future gain


-check forgery: altering a check with the intent to defraud


-credit card crimes

Insurance Fraud

-staged claims


-owner dumping


-abandoned vehicles


-staged accidents


-intended accidents


-caused accidents

Filing Fraudulent Health Insurance Claims

-over utilization


-ping-ponging


-family ganging


-steering


-upgrading

Overutilization

-billing for unnecessary and superfluous tests


-ex: doctors giving you three tests when you only need two

Ping-ponging

-physicians referring to patients to other practitioners when the patient doesn't really need to do so

Family Ganging

-a doctor extends several unnecessary services to all members of a patient's family


-like overutilization

Steering

-doctors tell patients to fill up unneeded prescriptions at the clinic's pharmacy

Upgrading

-a patient is billed for services more extensive that those they were actually given

High-Tech Crimes

-involves the attempt to pursue illegal activities through the use of advanced electronic media

Hacking

-seeking entry into a computer system to snoop around, often leaving no sign of entry


-usually little criminal intent: criminal intent would involve stealing of credit cards, information, vandalism or planting viruses

Other Computer Crimes

-industrial espionage


-software piracy


-online pornography


-mail bombings


-password sniffers


-credit card fraud

White-Collar Crime

-Edwin H. Sutherland: a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation

Occupational Crimes

-committed by individuals for themselves by rendering a service


-ex: medicare fraud, misuse of client's funds by lawyers and brokers and substitution of inferior goods

Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

-created an oversight council to evaluate systemic risk


-improved accounting standards and regulations of credit rating agencies

Types of White Collar Crimes

-bankruptcy fraud


-insurance fraud


-consumer fraud


-tax fraud


-insider related fraud


-bribery, corruption, political fraud


-fraud against the government


-security related crimes

Security Related Crimes

-churning


-insider trading


-stock manipulation


-boiler rooms

Churning

-trading a client's shares of stocks frequently in order to generate large commissions

Insider Trading

-the use of material, nonpublic, financial information to obtain an unfair advantage in trading securities

Stock Manipulation

-"pink sheets"


-over-the-counter market


-some stocks are traded at very low prices

Fraud Against the Government

-includes biddings, payoffs and kickbacks to government officials, spendings by a government official that exceeds the budget, the filing of false claims, the hiring of friends and offers of persuasion to government officials

Consumer Fraud

-home improvement fraud


-deceptive advertising


-telemarketing fraud


-land fraud


-business opportunity fraud

Insurance Fraud

-policy holders defrauds insurers


-insurers defrauds the public


-management defrauds the public


-third parties defraud insurers

Tax Fraud

-keeping two sets of books


-shifting funds


-faking forms

Political Fraud

-bribery or accepting a bribe is a felony

Insider Related Fraud

-embezzlement


-employee related thefts


-sale of confidential information or trading secrets

Corporate Crime

-committed by the corporation or those acting on the behalf of the corporation


-putting workers in harms way

Proactive Corporate Fault

-a corporation is to blame if their practices or procedures are inadequate to prevent crime

Reactive Corporate Fault

-considers the corporate reaction to the discovery of a criminal act

Environmental Crime

-environmental protection agency (EPA)

Legislative Acts on Drug Use

-Harrison Act (1914)


-Marijuana Tax Act (1937)


-Boggs Act (1951)


-Comprehensive Drug Prevention and Control Act (Controlled Substances Act) (1970)


-Title 21


-Anti Drug Abuse Act (1988)

National Survey on Drug Use Stats

-8.9% of Americans aged 12+ are current drug users


-marijuana was the most commonly used

Patterns of Drug Abuse

-1950's: heroin in inner cities used among young Black and Hispanic males


-1960's: marijuana is drug of choice among white, middle class youth


-1980's: cocaine used among well educated, prosperous professionals in their 20's and 30's


-1989: crank

Drug Control

-legislative attempts


-treatment: communities, programs, courts


-education


-legalization

Alcohol and Crime Stats

-51.8% of people 12+ are drinkers


-13.6% were 12-17

Legalization of Alcohol

-Jan 16, 1920: 18th Amendment banned alcohol (prohibition)


-Dec 5, 1933: 21st Amendment repealed 18th

Violence and Alcohol Stats

-about 40% of offenders drank alcohol immediately before committing their crime


-about 33% of inmates describe themselves as daily drinkers


-over 33% of inmates have gotten into physical fights while drinking or after drinking

Drunk Driving

-2009: 10,839 people were killed in alcohol impaired driving crashes


-1.4 million drivers were arrested for driving under the influence


-use of drugs (often used with alcohol) are responsible for 18% of motor vehicle driver deaths

Sexual Morality Offenses

-statutory rape


-deviate sexual intercourse by force or imposition (ex: sodomy)


-prostitution


-pornography

Actors in Prostitution

-prostitute


-pimp


-madams


-johns

The Prostitution Hierarchy

1. call girls


2.massage parlor prostitutes


3. inmates


4. streetwalkers: working girls or hookers

The Attorney General's Commission on Pornography

exposure to pornographic materials:


-leads to more acceptance of rape myths and violence against women


-new effects when the victim is shown enjoying the used of force or violence


-it's arousing for rapists and some in the general population


-has resulted in sexual aggression against women in the workplace

The Supreme Court and Pornography

something is pornographic when


-the average person would find it appealing to sexual interests


-the work depicts or describes, in an offensive way, sexual conduct


-the work as a whole lacks serious literacy, artistic, political or scientific value

Comparative Criminology

-the cross cultural or cross national study of crime and crime control with the application of the comparative method in the science of criminology

Comparative Criminology Research Methods

-study foreign law


-understanding foreign justice systems


-learning about foreign cultures


-collecting data

Collecting Data

-INTERPOL


-Comparative Crime Data File


-Correlates of Crime


-The International Crime Victim Survey (ICVS)


-Self Report

Problems with Research

-identification of sources of information


-identification of comparable problems


-selection of research methods

Internationally Induced Local Crime Problems

-simultaneous appearance of a similar crime in various parts of the world

Transnational Crime

-criminal activities or transactions that violate the laws of more than one country or have a direct impact on a foreign country


-ex: theft of art/cultural objects, illicit trafficking of arms, persons and drugs (etc)

International Crime

-major offenses


-ex: war crimes, crimes against humanity, aggression of a country (etc)