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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the main objectives of the punishment for classical theory of crime?
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1: to prevent all criminal offenses 2: When it cannot prevent a crime, to convince the offender to commit a less serious crime 3: to ensure that a criminal uses no more force than is necessary 4: to prevent a crime as cheaply as possible |
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What are the symptoms that best describes ADHD?
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inattention, inappropriate impulsivity, hyperactivity, and lack of attention
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Which form of social control focuses on social institutions?
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Institutional social control
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What are the elements of the social bond?
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attachment, commitment, involvement, belief
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Which of these critical theories explains that the law is not the exclusive domain of the rich?
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Structural theory
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According to general deterrence, criminals __________
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criminals are less likely to commit a crime if there are severe consequences
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According to Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory, the human personality contains a three part structure. Know what they are.
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Id: primitive part of an individuals mental makeup present at birth, gives biological urges for sex, food, etc Ego: develops when a child begins to learn that his wishes cannot be instantly gratified, part of personality that compensates for the demands of the id by helping guide the persons actions. Superego: moral aspect of an individuals personality, passes judgements on behaviors etc |
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Which group focuses on the association of crime rates and community disorientation?
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Social disorganization theory?
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Direct conditioning, also called________ occurs when behavior is reinforced by either rewards or punishment while interacting with others.
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differential reinforcement
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Professional shoplifters are referred to as what?
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boosters
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Where is the neocortex located?
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part of the cerebrel cortex which is located in the top layer of the cerebral hemispheres
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Crime is a function of the conflict between people’s goals. The legal means to obtain them refers to what theory?
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strain theory
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The process in which a labeled person is reviewed and re-evaluated to fit his or her current status is known as what?
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retrospective reading
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Ralf Dahrendorf is best known for what?
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being one of the first people to apply karl marx's views to criminology. He was also famous for arguing that modern society is organized into coordinated associations. People who possess authority and use it for social domination and people who lack authority and are dominated
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This theory holds that crime rates can be reduced if known offenders are punished so severely that they never commit crimes again.
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special deterrence theory
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Which occurs when glucose in the blood falls below levels necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning?
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hypoglycemia
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Who says that “people who accept labels are involved in secondary deviance while primary deviants are able to maintain an undamaged identity”?
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edwin lemert
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Oedipus complex and Electra complex occur during which psychosexual stage?
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phallic stage
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Who believes youths and poor self-concepts are the ones most likely to engage in delinquent behavior and that youths conform to social rules of society seeking membership in normative groups?
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Hirschi
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The most serious forms of psychological disturbance that will result in mental illness are referred to as?
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mental disorders
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Sociologist Robert Agnew’s General Strain Theory helps identify what?
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the social-psychological, individual-level influences that produce strain
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What is the most prominent social learning theory?
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differential association theory
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According to criminologists Ronald Clarke and Ross Homel, crime prevention tactics used today generally fall in which four categories? |
Increase effort to commit crime, increase risks of committing crimes, reduce rewards, induce guilt or shame for committing crime. |
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What bodily system does neuroallergies affect?
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the nervous system
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Which concept states that crime rates are influenced and controlled by the threat of criminal punishment?
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deterrence theory
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Many ADHD children suffer from this and continually engage in aggressive and antisocial behavior in early childhood. What is it?
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conduct disorder
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Which role is the most common response to middle class rejection?
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corner boy
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What is meant by “to unmask true purpose of law and justice”?
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demystifying
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Most burglars prefer these areas because they are familiar and well-traveled; they appear more open and have better escape routes.
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houses on corners, residential areas, buildings located by the road near a stopsign or traffic light
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Which of the following develops as a result of incorporating within the personality the moral standards and values of parents, community and significant others?
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superego
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Sub cultural values are handed down from one generation to another in a process called?
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cultural transmission
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Who created the social learning theory, and differential association theory?
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edwin sutherland
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According to ____________, the relationship between law and capitalism is unidirectional, not always working for the rich and against the poor.
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structural theorists
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Bipolar disorder is _________?
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an emotional disturbance in which moods alternate between periods of wild elation and deep depression
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What are the sources of the GST theory?
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social sources of strain, Adolescent sources of strain, community sources of strain
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According to the labeling theory, the decision to label someone as criminal is made by _________?
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significant members of society
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A patriarchal system is one in which__________?
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men dominate public, social, economic, and political affairs
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Criminality is a __________?
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a personal trait of the individual as distinct from a crime which is an event
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Which is part of the Social Disorganization Theory?
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poverty, social disorganization, breakdown of traditional values, criminal areas, cultural transmission, criminal careers
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What is an egalitarian family?
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families in which spouses share similar positions of power at home and in the workplace
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Crime prevention can be achieved by reducing the opportunities people have to commit particular crimes, this is a practice known as?
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situational crime prevention or possibly target hardening
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Many criminologists view the disadvantaged economic class position as a primary cause of crime. This is referred to as what?
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social structure theory
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According to Sykes and Matza’s Neutralization Theory, which of the observations do they base their model on?
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criminals sometimes voice a sense of guilt over their illegal acts, offenders frequently respect and admire honest law abiding people, criminals draw a line between those they will victimize and those they won't, criminals are not immune to the demands of conformity
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Considering recent changes in American culture, how would a power-control theorist explain recent drops in the U.S crime rates?
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they would probably say that it is a result of increasing egalitarian values in the modern household, with girls and boys playing more similar roles and the parents have similar roles as well.
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What theory mentions that if the probability of arrest, conviction and sanctioning could be increased, crime rates should decline?
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deterrance theory
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