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33 Cards in this Set

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Durkheim as root of much ofthese theories: views on humans (insatiable desires) and “industrialprosperity”; concept of anomie:

Durkheimcoined the term anomie to describe a state of affairs for which the norms andvalues of society weaken and are no longer able to control behaviors.

Chicago School (includingBurgess/Park) + Shaw and McKay’s research (what did they do?) and their centralfindings; their original social disorganization theory:

Burgessargued that cities grew in a systematic way, Burgess also organized 1920’sChicago into a series of concentric zones according to residential, occupational,class characteristics, Burgess and his associates sought to understand howthese urban zones changed over time and what effect this process had on ratesof crime. Shaw and McKay relied on official arrest statistics and theirfindings may have reflected police practices more than actual levels ofdelinquency, sometimes they also spoke of delinquency as an indicator of socialdisorganization, never directly measured social disorganization and assumedthat ecological factors (poverty, mobility) caused a break down in social controlsbut they could not measure this process.

Sampson and his colleagues update(their version of social disorganization, collective efficacy):

Theydemonstrated that ecological characteristics of British neighborhoodsinfluenced both informal social control and neighborhood cohesion. In turn,measures of social control and cohesion predicted crime victimization, sincethen Sampson and his associated have replicated these findings in Chicago. Theyfound that collective efficacy predicted neighborhood violence even aftercontrolling for the characteristics of individuals living in the neighborhood.

W.J. Wilson and the “trulydisadvantaged” (cultural isolation):

· Theselocations inhibit informal social control, the underclass occupies criminogenicneighborhoods, isolation from mainstream society and existence in concentratedhigh crime areas might have influenced the “cognitive landscape” of youth,children in these areas are more likely to witness violence, be exposed to poorrole models, and have easy access to weapons- especially handguns.

Sampson and Wilson (raceand social disorganization; how does social D relate to race?):

Socialstructure and public policy shape the context of moral values, in other wordsracial minorities and the poor are not inherently bad instead structural forcesoutside of a person’s control shape available choices. Developed large-scale delinquencyprevention program called Chicago Area Projects.

Roots in Durkheim (too muchemphasis on industrial prosperity breeds anomie):

hisnotion of social integration and the need to control human appetites

Merton:

borrowedheavily from Durkheim, he applied Durkheim’s concepts of industrial prosperityand anomie to the context of the United States, borrowed the institutionalizednorms could be weakened in societies that place an intense value on economicsuccess.

Agnew’s GST:

havereceived consistent empirical support, focuses more on the role ofpsychological stress

Messner and Rosenfeld(Institutional Anomie):

tookroot from the recognition that Merton’s writings were about more than justmodes of adaption, Messner argued that Merton actually offered a culturalexplanation for why the U.S. was more crime prone than other countries, M and Rsuggested that the high level and distinctive pattern of crime in the U.S. aredue to the cultural values in American society, they also identify a cluster ofvalues that constitute the “American Dream” which consist of; Achievement,Individualism, Universalism, The “Fetishism” of Money

Sutherland’s differentialassociation (Sykes/Matza techniques of neutralization as a test of this theory):

9fundamental principles:-Criminal behavior is learned-Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with otherpersons in a process of communication.-The principle part of learning of criminal behavior occurswithin intimate personal groups.-Learning criminal behavior includes learning the techniquesof committing crime and learning the specific direction of motives, drives,rationalizations, and attitudes.-The specific direction of motives and drives are learnedfrom definitions of the legal codes as favorable and unfavorable. -A person becomes delinquent because of an excess ofdefinitions favorable to violations of the law over definitions favorable ofthe law.-Differential association may vary in frequency duration, priority,and intensity.-The process of learning criminal behavior by associationwith criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all the mechanisms that areinvolved in learning-Criminal behavior is not explained by those general needsand value, because non criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs andvalues.

Aker’s social learningtheory:

emphasizesthat not all sources of definitions or role models are equal. He also suggeststhat differential associations are exposure to different people and values overtime will produce an initial set of behaviors.

· Types of control:

-Indirectcontrols


-Directcontrols


-Internalcontrols

Hirschi’s social bondtheory:

providedmeasures of each concept and presented data from a sample of high school studentsthat supported his theory, defined a “pure” informal control theory andcompared it with other theories of crime, according to Hirschi assumptionsabout human nature clearly differentiate control theories from other theoriesof crime, Hirschi’s theory identifies 4 elements of the social bond that tie anindividual to society: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.

Sampson and Laub’s agegraded theory (just the adult bonds part):

Theyargued that a quality marriage/job helps to explain why some people desist fromcriminal behavior during adulthood.

Basic labeling process (howexactly does criminal justice system cause more crime), “dramatization ofevil,” primary/secondary deviance, etc:

Thelabeling theory is built around 3 themes which include; a view ofcrime/deviance as “relative”, a focus on how power and conflict shape society,and the importance of self concept

Tannenbaum (dramatizationof evil):

characterizedthe process whereby the primary deviance of certain people is singled out. Someindividuals are tagged as delinquents or troublemakers and once identifiedothers may see them in an entirely new perspective.

Lemmert (primary andsecondary deviance

Primary-suggested that if such acts go unnoticed they have little impact and that mostkids grow out of that behavior. Secondary- described delinquent behavior thatresults from this change in self concept and others described it as devianceamplification.

The “revisions” of labelingtheory such as Sherman and Braithewaite:

Braithewaiteargues that effective punishment shames and offender but does so in areintegrative manner. Sherman argues that sanctioning might produce differenteffects and suggests that police sanctions can produce defiance, deterrence, orbe irrelevant.

What critical theories have in common:

Discusses why certain acts are illegal whileothers are not. Criminal justice system only targets certain laws and certainindividuals for full enforcement.

Gist of radical vs. pluralistic conflict theory:

Pluralistic conflict is an explanation of thelaw and criminal justice system, radical conflict is theoretical perspectivethat emphasizes conflict between the wealthy elite and the rest of society.

What radical/Marist theories have difficultyaccounting for (what facts appear to dispute theory?)

Gender ratio problem is forcriminologists to explain the empirical observation that males account for thevast majority of delinquent and criminal offending. Generalizing issues arebecause most criminologists theories are male, mainstream criminologiststheories may not be applicable to female offending.

Feminist explanations of rape, concept ofpatriarchy:

A patriarchy society is by definition maledominated, following the logic of other critical theories those who lack powershould have their behavior criminalized and should be singled out by thecriminal justice system for punishment. Intimate violence has been reframed asa crime of violence rather than a personal problem between intimates.

Jeffrey Reiman:

argues that dangerous actions penetrated by the wealthyare often not even defined as criminal. He also argues that at virtually everystage of the criminal justice system, the wealthy and middle class members ofsociety are weeded out, leaving predominantly poor individuals to fill U.S.prisons. His highlights research indicated that the police are more likely totake formal action when the subject is poor, the wealthy are less likely to beformally changed for an offense, even when charged, the wealthy are often ableto avoid punitive sanctioning.

Sellin’s primary culture conflict:

The root cause of crime is based upon variousvalues and beliefs for what is acceptable behavior. The clash of these valuesis what results in crime. Sellin refered to two types of cultural conflict:primary conflict and secondary conflict, initially primary conflict occurs whenthe clash involves fundamental cultural beliefs. Secondary conflict involvesless fundamental beliefs.

Critical Theory:

best as “big picture”theories, central themes were emphasis on “inequality” and “power”, crime was “political”concept, “CJS serves interests of powerful, solution to crime is more equitablesociety.

The idea of “cumulative continuity”:

The notion that early deviance has an impact ona child’s environment

Continuity Explanation- Gottfredson and Hirschi

A trait such as low self control emerges early in life and is stable over time

Change explanation- Gottfredson and Hirschi

Trait theories have difficulty accounting for change

Continuity Explanation- Sampson and Laub

Initial deviance impacts a person's environment, including parents and peers. Creates a snowballing effect where resistance becomes more difficult over time

Change Theory- Sampson and Laub

Although the social environment often makes crime patterns more entrenched, it opens up possibility of change

Continuity Explanation- Morffitt

Stability is created largely by a small group of chronic offenders, their deviance starts very early in life and is resistant to change.

Change Explanation-Morffitt

Change is created by a large number of youth who engage in crime during adolescence but desist during young adulthood

Little, if anything, regarding the first part ofthe Text book chapter (career criminals and so forth) is on the exam:

Criminalcareer perspective started to fade in 1980’s, known facts about crimecontradicted much of the career criminal view and that most offenders do notfollow a “career”