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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the rules for possession and trafficking in the controlled drug and substances act |
Possession- except as authorized under the regulations, no person shall possessa substance included in schedule 1,2,3 Trafficking-no person shall tragic in a substance included in schedule 1,2, or 4 |
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Possession for the purpose of trafficking |
No person shall, for the purpose of trafficking posses a substance |
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Production |
Except as authorized under the regulation, no person shall producr a substance included in schedule 1, 2, 3, 4 |
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Inportatiin and exportation |
Except as authorized under the regulations no person shall import into Canada or export from Canada |
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What is Prescription shopping |
Growing from doctor to doctor to get large amounts of a specific drug |
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How to get off of offence |
If the offender successfully completed a program under subsection 4 Ex to participate in a drug treatment court program |
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What is th3 good Samaritan drug overdose act |
People who call are excepted from the charges of using or being around the drug -bill C-224 1) call 911 2)stay with your friend until help arrives 3)save a life |
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Portugal and drugs |
Every person in Portugal who can't escape addiction there are fail Methodome, counseling and free treatment. Generation ago those addicts would be in jail |
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Conflict theory and the war on drugs |
The effect of racial bias became amplified as defendant more through the criminal justice system |
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What are the 5 bias that widen the racial gap in the criminal justice system |
1) Bias causes law enforcement officers to stop, search and arrest racial minorities |
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2) |
Minority defendants bear a disproportionate risk of facing stuff charges |
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3) |
Minorities have smaller chances of receiving a substantial assistance of being represented by effective defense counsel |
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4) |
Minorities are more likely to be convicted by juries and true I judges on similar evidence (than white accused) |
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5) |
Minorities are likely to receive harsher penalties for similar crimes |
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Blacks and drug use and prison |
11% of drug users are black but black Americans make up 60% of prison population |
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What is being done to scale back the war on drugs |
Recommendation of the sentencing project to the U.N.H.R.C |
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Person accused of crime by age |
-Accused because not all are actually prosecuted -most teens -not integrating teens (social controls not in play yet) -theift, administration of justice, youth criminal justice act are most people charges -arnt doing what the court says |
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Males are consistently more likely than fellas to be accused (%) |
Sexual assault- 98% male Attempted murder-96% male Sexual offense- 95%male Common assault- 37% female Theft- 37% female Fraud- 35% female |
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What is the YCJA |
-youth criminal justice act |
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The youth justice system |
-is separate from the adult -based on the principles of diminished moral blameworthiness or culpability -requires police officers to consider the use of extrajudicial measures before dividing to charge -police and prosecutors are specifically authorized |
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What are the measures included for these police officers when dealing with children |
1) taking no further action 2) warnings, which are informal warnings by police officers 3) police caustions, which are moral formal warnings 4) crown cautions which are in the form of a letter to the young person and parents 5) referrals, by police to community programs or fancied that may help them not to commit offences |
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What is the YCJA adult accountability |
That a court cane impse and adult sentence only if A) the prosecution rebates the presumption that the young person has diminished more blameworthiness or culpability B) the youth sentence would not be sufficient length to hold the youth accountable |
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What is the normal sentence time for youth |
90% of time it is 1-6 months of incarsuation |
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What is Bullying |
The assertion of power through aggression |
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How do bullies bully |
Engage in strategies of intimidation and dominance using physical and emotional and relational strategies |
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Bullying in young children |
Bully through pushing, shoving, name calling, teasing and isolation |
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Bullying and teenagers |
Through sexual harassment, gang violence, dating and violence |
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Who is most bullied |
Both boys and girls at approximately the same rate |
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Bullying through communication technologies |
To show deliberate, repeated, and hostile behaviour by an individual or group that is intended to harm another |
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What are the challenges through online bullying |
1) can be anonymous 2) is not limited to a location 3) is not limited to a time 4) may occur in relative isolation from others 5)challenges definitions of self 6) is emotive ( anxiety, fear, shame) |
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Violent crimes |
-rare compared to other crimes in Canada and on the decline |
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What are the different kinds of violent crimes |
Infantaseza- women killing the babies 1st dagree- planning and commuting to kill someone (must carry out) 2nd degree- intentional so killing but plan is fired during act Man slaughter- was unintentional but person died |
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What happened as we go forth west and north |
You see an increase in homicidal rate |
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What is violentization |
The learning process by which people come to see violence as an available international response " the significant experienced which make people dangerous violent criminals don't happen all at once but gradually" |
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What is Lonnie Athens 4 stages if violentization process |
1) brutalization 2) belligerency 3)Violent performances 4)virulency |
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What are the 3 parts of brutalization |
1) violent subjugation 2)personal horrification 3) Violent coaching |
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What is violent subjugation |
The subject must comply with an order or they face psychsical or verbal force, up to and including violence |
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What is personal horrification |
the subject experiences the violent subjugation of a member of their primary group (family) |
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What is violent coaching |
Someone appoints themself as a coach who insists that the subject must defend themselves Depend only in self defence (themselves) -invokes the coarse and cruel treatment by others with lasting and dramatic impact on the person |
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What are the 3 methods of violent coaching |
1) voinglorification Which glorifued violence through storytelling |
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2) |
Ridicule Which promotes violence through belittling and derision |
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3) |
Coercion Some coaches threaten novices not with psychological punishment as in ridicule but physical punishment |
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What is stage 2 Belligerency |
-desperate to do something about the violent treatment -the decision is made to resort to violence if necessary to stop the treatment -will use violence if provoked and if it has a chance of success |
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What is stage 3 Violent performances |
- the transition from a resolution to use violence to the readiness of using it if they have to |
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Why is stage 3 crucial phase |
Intentionally hurting another for the first time is not as casual matter to those who had never done it before |
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What is Stage 4 virulency |
A readiness to use violence at attack another with minimal provocation -subject discovers the advantage of being famous even is the fame is matoristy Becomes over my impressed with his violent performances and identity I general |
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Violentization process and the cause of criminal violence |
Not poverty or genetic inheritance or psychopathology but violentization is the cause of criminal violence |
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What is organized crime |
Two or more people comforting together on a continuing bases to participate in illigel activities either directly it indirectly for gain |
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What are the common characteristics of organized crime |
-hierarchical structure ( a chain of command that remember legilimant organizations) -a single arrest done not bring down the organization -threat of violence ( career criminals are employed to enforce the interests of the group) -extensive planning ( complex operations involving markets, deal making; staff management, relationship with the police and governments, distribution of profits |
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Finish from last card |
Interlocking leadership ( interlocking relationships between families, between distribution networks, between organizations with complementary interest) |
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Asian organised crime |
Counterfeit goods- 24 billion Illegal wood- 17 billion Meth- 15 billion Heroin- 16 billion Take prescriptions- 5 billion Illegal wildlife- 2.5 billion Illegal waste- 3.75 billion |
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3 reasons why organized crime thrives |
1) The demand for a particular product or service on the part of a substantial maker base |
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2) |
The failure if a society to provide a lawful means of satisfying the demand |
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3) |
The existence of an organized group willing to supply the product |
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How is organized crime made illigal |
It is made criminal by the nature of the product it supplies |
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Organ8zed crime happens in communities that meet 4 aspects |
1)scarcity and inequality 2)poverty and prejudice 3)lack of equal legal or human right protections 4)lack of by an and cultural capital |
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What are the 3 days of reacting to organized crime |
1)legalize the previously illigel good or service 2)direct and indirect control 3) reduce the demand for the illicit product |
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What is direct and indirect control |
Direct- create and organized task force Indirect-strategies to make it hard to participate in the organized crime |
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What are corporate crimes |
Crimes against consumers are common and most common perpetrators are small businesses (Lie on the border of legal and illegal) Victims might be unaware they are victims |
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What is food fraud |
Fraudulent products entering the food chain often associated with a interest in increasing profit by introducing less expensive Ingreadents into a product |
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What are some of the cutting agents we see in Orange juice |
Learn juice, mandarin juice, grapefruit juice, high fructose corn syrup, paprika extract, beet sugar |
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What is the Oceana group find in December of 2012 |
That must see food samples brought into new York were actually mislabeled as different species |
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What trouble did Ikea get into |
Detected horsemeat in a frozen meatball labeled as beef and pork and was sold in 13 countries |
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What is impression management |
The technique used by corporate offenders to control how people see and react to them |
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What is front stage |
understanding performances intended to support the actors desired definition of the situation |
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What is front stage |
Potential disjunction between style and content |
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What is back stage |
"Ford pinto memo" An internal food cost benefit analysis showubg that the cost of implementing design changes to a The subcompact fuel system waa greater than the economic cost of the but injuries and deaths that could be prevented |
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Penalty |
California court from going appellate district reviews Ford's conduct and upvhelp compensatory damages of 2.5 million and punitive damages of 3.5 million against Ford |
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Pentaly on IQor |
Was not with a $500,000 fine by the CRTC |
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Penalties |
Penalties directed yo corporations may be financial, non criminal and viewed as simply a cost of business |
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What are white collar crime |
Crimes committed by a person of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupation |
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What does Sutherland argue about white collar crime |
Is found in every occupational and organizational setting |
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What are some of the site collar crimes |
Illegal kicks backs- pharmaceutical companies paying doctors to prescribe certain medicine Sexual harassment Newfoundland is investigating the unnecessary surgical procedures |
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What is the conflict approach to political crime |
Political deviance is undertaken by people with political goals and or people in possession of political authority |
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What is bribery |
The payment of money or favours to an official for special consideration |
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What is conflicts of interest |
A situation in which a person is in a position to derive benefit from actions or decisions made on their official capacity |
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What is patronage |
Giving special consideration to people on the bias of friendship or kinship |
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What is particularism |
In government desicion making may be inevitable because it serves the interest of governors - people know who they favour and why - people know working for a party may result in rewards |
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What is fraud |
Any use of description of false pretence for the purpose of self enrichment |
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What is the sponsorship scandal |
The gomerycommission concluded that 2 million was awarded in contracts without a proper bidding process -$250,000 waa Assad to one contract price for no addition work and 1.5 million was awarded for work that was never done |
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What is electoral fraud |
Fraud commitment for the purpose of claiming election gain The messing with election for specific gain |
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What is gerrymandering |
practice intended to establish a political advantage for a particular party or group by manipulating district boundarie |
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Manitoba was the first province to authorize non partisan group to define constituency boundaries in the 1950s |
Saskatchewan recent reacting of political electoral boundaries has been criticized as favouring the ruing party by diluting urban votes |
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What is strategic disenfofmchisement |
Putting in place voter restrictions that target the supporters of one party more than another (In US the mid terms N.D wouldn't accept voter id without a street address) |
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What is misinformation |
2001 federal election Canadians received phone calls informing then that their polling station had been moved |
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What is intentionally misleading ballet papers |
The butterfly ballet -more then 19,000 people made the error of punching more than one hole since both were directly alongside their candidate |
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Quote by Orin klupp |
Persons continually in the public eye are in inherent danger of being made fool's or villains if they do not rise to the structure of heroes, in times of crises |
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What is victimization |
The targeting if an individual or group for subjection via crime, unfair treatment or related wrongs (People influence the out come) |
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What were victimless crimes |
Are tho as offences where people are punished for behaving in ways that do not obviously harm anyone |
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Type of victims |
People who are victims but not of crime - people who side of because of the government has failed to regulate dangerous conditions People also my be victims through in action |
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What are victims of conscience |
People who bend the rules or even break them because their worldviews are at odds with rulemakers and rule enforcers -subcultures defined as deviant by an audience |
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Victims of randomness |
Never Random -is a result of how people and where people send their time -results from the convergence of Likly offenders and suitable targets |
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What is differential opportunity theory |
-claward and ohlim - the type and form of criminal activity that a person engages in is a function of their differential access to the opportunities or the resource needed to engage in the particular crime - where a person lives and the structural feared of their community may determine their access to the opprratuinitrs to commit crimes |
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The form of criminal gang subcultures |
1) the motivation for criminality is primarily economic and financial 2) tend to form in communities that are socially disargunized 3) tend to recruit their members from poor or impoverished areas with subpar housing |
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People are more likely to be a victim of gang activities if their life or work intersects with communities with higher levels of social disorganization, impoverished regions, subpar housing |
Why |
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Victims and routine activity theory |
States that crime depends on opportunities and opportunities are created by activity patterns (what people do) |
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What are hot spots |
Key concept in routine theory - are locations where the risks of crime are especially hot (lots of) Ex. Entertainment districts, tourist attractions, workplaces, total institutions, place of residence |
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Defining targets |
People who are regularly exposed to crime or for other reason have hightened vulnerability are more likely targets |
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What are the typical targets |
Young Canadians (15-24) Single people People in urban areas Visual minorities People who have a house income under $15,000 |
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Who are people who are most Likly to be victims of violent crimes |
Self identify as homosexual Self identify as aboriginal Form of activity linnitation or physical disability Sexual assault victims are usually women |
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What are social control |
The informal controls that are used to regulate other people's behaviour by others in everyday settings -critiusion for norm volition may be enough to worry those assured of rule breaking behaviour |
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Who are we subject to informal controls |
Ones place in a group must be established ( care about the person) |
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What are the 2 groups of informal controls |
1) rewarding desirable behaviour 2)punishing undesirable behaviour |
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Why is informal controls difficult |
People may define punishments as rewards People may see rewards as unwanted Group membership is undesirable |
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Informal control and functionalism What does Marvin Olsen argue |
That all social organizations (families, work, classrooms) use social control to do 4 things |
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What are the 4 things social controls do |
1)maintain their boundaries 2)regulate member activities 3)perform key functions 4)perpetuate order( ex. Gang bowling and the leader always comes in first) |
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What are the strategies of social control |
Persuasion Shame Guilt |
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What is persuasion |
Process of advising aimed at convincing the listener to take a specific course of action Ex anti smoking labels on cigarette packages |
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3 ways persuasion happens |
1) it gains it's effect by the apparent wisdom and objectivity of the agreement it makes 2) it is by nature friendly 3) can relate to what interactiinists call "claims making" |
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What is same |
-Is a sense of disgrace of embarrassment arising from a memory or exposure -felt through rooted in deeply felt social norms and those who violate then feel degrade -norms are learned so people are socialized into guilt |
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What us guilt |
Remorse a person may feel from breaking norms |
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What is collective guilt |
Is shared by a group or social category over wrongs committed in the past against other groups |
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Inequality and guilt |
Feeling of guilt about inequality are least in societies that embrace the legitimacy of social controls |
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Collectivist nations vs individual counties |
Collectivist nations tend to view social inequality as unacceptable and it's presence as a shame and or guilt Individual countries are least likely they are to put programs in fit helping other (part of life) (not their problem) |
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What does durkhin argue |
That in societies with greater homogenisty one finds more repressive justice ( rigid or violent law enforcement) |
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Socialites that are marked by cultural diversity tent to become more flexible and less certain about notes I boundaries |
Durkhin says we would expect to see higher support for death penalty in morally certain groups |
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Canadian and us approach to immigration |
Canadian is a mosaic Us is a melting pot (conform and follow) |
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Death penalty correlates with what |
Religion And is limited by racial identity |
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What affects the support of the death penalty |
Racism accounts for 1/3 of the social divide in the support if the death penalty |
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There are higher then average support for capital punishment amount people who hold racist views or live in z former slaveholding communities |
Know |
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Death penalty in canada |
Was formally demolished in 1976 by Brian malromy's conservative government with a free vote in the house of commons 148 against 127 in favor |
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In the ipsos poll |
Found 52% support in 2001 73% in 1987 Now around 54-61% |
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What is the empirical claim to support death penalty |
That is is a deterrence argument A reasonable person wouldn't |
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What suck unanimity |
1) the us has a higher homocied rate than non death penalty counties 2) say Yes with the death penalty have taught hi guide rages then non death pentaly states 3) neighbouring states with death penalty have higher homicide rates then neighbouring non death penalty states |
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What is an empirical challenge with the death penalty |
Its application |
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Public cost of the death penalty |
Is considerably more costly than the use of public resources (3 mill per case) Non capital trial cost 1.1 mill -time in custody before executions is about 15 years at more then 13,000 a year |
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Wrongful punishment |
All jurisdictions habe made wrongful convictions for capital crimes Tend to be poor and from a racial minority and accused of killing a white person |
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The DP provided servere punishment occasions thst take place in public and involved public participation from all lookers be coming a collective ritual |
The same time there is a combination between the level of violence of the state and the violence of its members |
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Do u support the death penalty |
Yes because the death pentaly is a ways to decrease the amount if high offence crime |
