Corrections: Chapter 2

Front 1

Deterrence

Back 1

The punishment philosophy that says punishment's aim is to preventr future offenses by setting an example for both the offender and others.

Front 2

Diyya

Back 2

In Islamic law, diyya is money paif to a victim or his relatives in compensation for a felony committed against the victim.

Front 3

Equity

Back 3

As an important aspect of RETRIBUTION philosophy, equity says there should be a similarity in punishment for similar crimes and similar criminals.

Front 4

Folkways

Back 4

Along with mores and laws, folkways provide the norms or guidlines for behavior in society. Of the three, folkways are social expectations whose violation result in the least serious reaction or sanctioning by other members of society. Rules of etiquette are good examples of folkways.

Front 5

Formal Sanction

Back 5

Sanctions are formal when they are applied by someone acting in an official capacity.

Front 6

General Deterrence

Back 6

The version of deterrence that seeks to prevent crime by using punishment to show others who are considering a criminal act that they will suffer painful consequences if they commit that act.

Front 7

General Incapacitation

Back 7

According to this version of incapacitation, most kinds of felons are imprisoned in an attempt to achieve large gains in crime prevention.

Front 8

Incapacitation

Back 8

The punishment philosophy that says punishment's aim is to prevent an offender's continued criminal acts by restricting that offender;s freedom to move about. Traditionally the freedom to move about has been restricted by placing the offender in prison, but recent technology suggests that incapacitation might also be achieved with tools such as electronic monitoring.

Front 9

Informal Sanction

Back 9

Sanctions are informal when applied by someone acting without offical standing.

Front 10

Just Deserts

Back 10

As an important aspect of retributive philosophy, just deserts requires the severity of the punishment to match the seriousness of the offense and the blameworthiness of the offender.

Front 11

Laws

Back 11

Along with folkways and mores, laws provide the norms or guidlines for behavior in society. Of the three, laws are social expectations whose violation result in the most serious and formal reaction or sanctioning by other members of society. A state's criminal code is an example of laws.

Front 12

Lex Talionis

Back 12

Law retaliation. This principle requires that a wrongdoer recieve the same injry he cause another to suffer. Succincly stated in saying, "an eye for an eye."

Front 13

Mores

Back 13

Along with folkways and laws, mores provide the norms or guidlines for behavior in society. Of the three, mores are social expectations whose violation result in mid-level reaction or sanctioning by other members of society.

Front 14

Negative Sanction

Back 14

Discourage norm violating behavior.

Front 15

Net-Widening

Back 15

When programs (electroni monitoring) designed as alternatives to the traditional process (probation or prison) actually bring more people into the criminal justice system, the net has been widened.

Front 16

Norm of Reciprocity

Back 16

Refers to the idea that much of economic and social like relies on relationships involving mutual exchanges of goods, or organizations. It is important to corrections in the sense that punishment is a natural response, or reciprocation, to a wrongful act.

Front 17

Norms

Back 17

The guidlines for behavior in society. Normsnot only tell us how we can expect others to behave in differnet social situations, but they also tell us how we are expected to behave.

Front 18

Positive Sanction

Back 18

Sanctions that encourage continuation of norm-abiding behavior.

Front 19

Proportionality

Back 19

An aspect of RETRIBUTION that believes retaliation should be properly related in degree to the crime that was committed. The philosophy of lex talionis is saif to express proportionality.

Front 20

Reclamation

Back 20

The earliest form of rehabilitation whose goal was to rescue wrongdoers from the evil that had overcome them. Offenders were to be reclaimed or brought back to the correct ways of living.

Front 21

Reformation

Back 21

Like rehabilitation, reformation suggests that punishment can be used to change or correct an offender's behavior. However, reformation does not imply the use of individualized treatment plans or therapy procedures as does rehabilitation.

Front 22

Rehabilitation

Back 22

The punishment philosophy that says punishment's aim is to use a treatment plan and therapy to provide offenders with skills, attitudes, and norms that can enable them to be law-abiding members of the community.

Front 23

Restoration

Back 23

The punishment philosophy that says punishment's aim is to make the victim and the community whole again by restoring things as much as possible, to how they were before the crime occured.

Front 24

Retribution

Back 24

The ounishment philosophy that says punishment is a required response by the state to a wrongful act committed by the offender.

Front 25

Sanction

Back 25

A technique used by society to enforce its norms.

Front 26

Selective Incapacitation

Back 26

Under this version of incapacitation, imprisonment is used only for a select group of especailly dangerous repeat offenders whose freedom of movement must be restricted to protect society.

Front 27

Specific Deterrence

Back 27

The version of detterence that seeks to prevent crime by using punishment to show the criminal that the criminal act was undesirable because it brought more pain than pleasure.