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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Listening
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An active, complex process that includes being mindful, physically receiving messages, selecting and organizing information, interpreting communication, responding, and remembering.
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Mindfulness
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Being fully engaged in the moment.
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Pseudolistening
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Pretending to listen.
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Paraphrasing
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A method of clarifying another's meaning or needs by reflecting our interpretation of hir communication back to hir.
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Selective llistening
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Focusing only on particular parts of a message.
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Minimal encouragers
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Responses that express interest.
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Informational listening
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To gain and understad information.
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Relational listening
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To support a person and maintain a relationship.
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Critical listening
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To form opinions, make judgments, or evaluate people and ideas.
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The 6 forms of nonlistening.
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pseudolistening
monopolizing selective listening defensive listening ambushing literal listening |
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Monopolizing
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Constantly turning the topic to yourself.
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Defensive listening
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Perceiving criticism when none is there.
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Ambushing
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Listening carefully only to attack.
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Literal listening
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Listening only to the literal meaning and ignoring the relational meaning.
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Obstacles to effective listening.
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message overload
message complexity environmental distractions preoccupation prejudgments lack of effort not accommodating diverse listening styles |
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3 ways to improve listening.
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be mindful
ask questions control obstacles |
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Self disclosure
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Intentional sharing of personal info about ourselves that other would be unlikely to figure out.
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Over conflict
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Conflict expressed directly and in a straightforward manner.
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Cover conflict
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Conflict that is expressed indirectly. It is more difficult to manage constructively.
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Communication climate
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The overall feeling or emotional mood between people.
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Relational dialectics
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Opposing forces or tensions that are normal parts of all relationships. The three relational dialectics are autonomy/connectedness, novelty/predictability, and opnness/closedness.
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Relational culture
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A private world of rules, understandings, and patterns of acting and interpreting that partners create to give meaning to their relationship; the nucleus of intimacy.
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Recognition confirmation and disconfirmation messages...
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"You exist." = "Hello."
"You don't exist." = Silence, no eye contact |
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Acknowledgment confirmation and disconfirmation messages...
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"You matter to me." = "We are a team." = "I'm sorry you're hurt."
"You don't matter." = "We are not a team." = "You'll get over it." |
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Endorsement confirmation and disconfirmation messages...
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"What you think is true." = "What you feel is okay." = "I feel the same way."
"You are wrong." = "You shouldn't feel that way." = "Your feeling doesn't make sense." |
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Pairs of defensive vs. supportive climate creators.
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Evaluation vs. Description
Certainty vs. Provisionalism Strategy vs. Spontaneity Control vs. Problem Orientation Neutrality vs. Empathy Superiority vs. Equality |
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4 ways to use communication to have healthy climates.
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accept and confirm others
accept and confirm yourself self-disclose when appropriate respect diversity in relationships |
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4 ways partners deal with dialiectic tension.
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neutralization
separation segmentation reframing |
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Neutralization
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Compromise but not fully satisfy either person.
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Separation
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Making on dialectic important and ignoring the other (even if only temporarily).
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Segmentation
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Assigning dialectics to a certain area of life or time or subject.
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Reframing
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Redefining "contradictory" needs as not really in opposition.
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2 ways violence is related to communication.
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1. Taunting each other
2. Denying the problem |
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Construct an assertive message from this:
"A neighbor's barking dog is keeping you awake at night. You have an opportunity to talk with hir about it in the morning." |
Hello. Last night your dog was barking for a really long time - until the early morning hours and I was unable to sleep. To me this seems like an example that you don't have concern for your neighbors. I feel a little offended and pretty annoyed.
If the dog keeps barking this late every night, I'm going to do terrible at school and perform poorly at work because I will be so tired. It's not just about me though, other neighbors will start to be bothered by it and you will not be well liked in the neighborhood. I would like to know if there is anything that can be done about the dog barking. |
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Construct an assertive message for this:
"A close friend didn't invite you to their birthday bash two weeks ago. You're meeting hir today for lunch." |
Hi. So you didn't invite me to your birthday a couple weeks ago. I took that to mean that you don't really consider me a true friend. I'm sad because I care about you and consider you a true friend.
If there is an inconsistency in our feelings about each other it will only cause us both heartache and frustration. I would like to know what it was that made you decide not to invite me to your birthday, and how you really feel about me. |
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Brainstorming
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A group technique for generating possible solutions to a problem. Brainstorming encourages ideas to flow freely without immediate criticism.
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Gatekeeping
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Deciding which messages pass through the gates of media that control information flow to consumers.
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Groupthink
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The cessation of critical, independent thought on the part of a group's members about ideas generated by the group.
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Norms
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Informal rules that guide how members of a group or culture think, feel, act, and interact. Norms define what is normal or appropriate in various situations.
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Rules
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Written or stated rules rather than things that are just expected like norms.
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Consensus
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A decision-making method in which all members of a group support a decision.
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Fallacy
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An error in reasoning.
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Ethos
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Personal character
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Pathos
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Emotion
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Logos
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Logicalness
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Initial credibility
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The expertise and trustworthiness that listeners attribute to a speaker before a presentation begins.
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Derived credibility
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The expertise and trustworthiness that listeners attribute to a speaker as a result of how the speaker communicates.
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Terminal credibility
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The cumulative expertise and trustworthiness listeners attribute to a speaker as a result of the speaker's initial derived credibility.
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Gatekeeper
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Person who controls the flow of information in media.
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Uses and gratifications theory
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The theory that people choose to attend to mass communication in order to fulfill personal needs and preferences.
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Cultivation theory
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The theory that television promotes an inaccurate worldview that viewers nonetheless assume reflects real life.
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Mean World Hypothesis
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The more TV you watch, the more you believe the world is mean.
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Limitations and strengths of groups
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- Time is longer.
- Pressure for conformity. + Greater resources + Greater thoroughness + Greater creativity + Geater commitment |
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Types of communication in groups
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Task communication
Procedural Communication Climate Communication Egocentric Communication |
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Task communication
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focuses on problems.
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Procedural Communication
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Create order and organization.
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Climate Communication
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Maintains a constructive climate.
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Egocentric Communication
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a.k.a. dysfunctional communication. Blocks others and ruins climate, etc.
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Types of conflict in groups
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Disruptive conflict
Constructive conflict |
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Disruptive conflict
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Interfere with effective work and healthy communication climate.
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Constructive conflict
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Natural and can help achieve goals.
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5 steps for a motivated sequence pattern persuasive speech
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1. Attention: Focus listeners' attention.
2. Need: Demonstrate that a real problem exists. 3. Satisfaction: Propose a solution to the demonstrated problem. 4. Visualization: Give listeners a vision of the impact of the solution. 5. Action: Ask listeners to think, feel, or act to bring the proposed solution into being. |
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2 means by which cultivation occurs.
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Mainstreaming and resonance.
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Mainstreaming
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Mass communication stabilitzes and homogenizes social perspectives.
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Resonance
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Extent to which media portrayals are congruent with personal experience.
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