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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Language
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A system comprised of vocabulary and rules of grammar that allows us to engage in verbal communication
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Verbal Symbols
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Words or vocabulary that make up a language
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Grammar
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The rules that dictate the structure of language
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Encoding
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The process of putting thoughts and feelings into verbal symbols, nonverbal messages, or both
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Decoding
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The process of developing thought based on hearing verbal symbols, observing nonverbal messages, or both
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5 Things Words Are:
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1. Symbolic
2. Meanings evolve 3. Powerful 4. Meanings are denotative and connotative 5. Vary in levels of abstraction |
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Denotative Meaning
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The literal, conventional meaning of a verbal symbol that most people in a culture have agreed is the meaning of that symbol
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Connotative Meaning
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The meaning of a verbal symbol that is derived from our personal and subjective experience with that symbol
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Concrete
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Able to be seen, smelled, tasted, touched, or heard ex) Brother
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Referent
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The thing a verbal symbol represents
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Abstract
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Not able to be seen smelled, tasted, touched, or heard ex) Relative
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Framing Theory
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A theory arguing that when we compare two unlike things in a figure of speech, we are unconsciously influenced by this decision
ex) Battle of the Sexes |
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Process of Abstraction
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The ability to move up and down the ladder of abstraction from specific to general and vice versa
ex) New mini cooper vs. downplaying it for a friend |
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Strategic Ambiguity
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Leaving out cues in a message on purpose to encourage multiple interpretations by others
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Equivocation
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A type of ambiguity that involves choosing our words carefully to give a listener a false impression without actually lying
ex) Thanks for the warm sweater! |
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Euphemism
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A milder or less direct word substituted for another word that is more blunt or negative
ex) Adult entertainment vs. porn |
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Idiom
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A word or phrase that has an understood meaning within a culture but whose meaning is not derived by exact translation
ex) It was a breeze |
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Phatic Communication
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Communication consisting of words and phrases that are used for interpersonal contact only and are not meant to be translated verbatim
ex) See you later |
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Code Switching
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Shifting back and forth between languages in the same conversation
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Speech Community
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A group of people who share norms about how to speak; what words to use; and when, where, and why to speak
ex) Prison communities |
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Symbolic Interactionism Theory
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The theory that our understanding of ourselves and of the world is shaped by our interactions with those around us
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Linguistic Determinism
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A theory arguing that our language determines our ability to perceive and think about things. If we don't have a word for something in our language, this theory predicts that we won't think about it or notice it
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Linguistic Relativity
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A theory stating that language influences our thinking but doesn't determine it. Thus, if we don't have a word for something in our language, this theory predicts that it will be difficult, but not impossible to, to think about it or notice it
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
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A theory that points to connections among culture, language, and thought. In its strong form, this theory is known as linguistic determinism, and in its weak form, it is known as linguistic relativity
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Codability
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The ease with which a language can express a thought
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Two-Culture Theory
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A theory asserting that sex operates in the same way as culture in establishing different rules, norms, and language patterns for men and women.
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Static Evaluation
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The tendency to speak and respond to someone today the same way we did in the past, not recognizing that people and relationships change over time
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Polarization
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The tendency to use "either-or" language and speak of the world in extremes
ex) Dr. Lee is such a jerk! |
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Reification
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The tendency to respond to words, or labels for things, as thought they were the things themselves
ex) American flag |
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Lexical gaps
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Experiences that are not named
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Muted Group Theory
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theory that explains what happens to people whose experiences are not well represented in verbal symbols and who have trouble articulating their thoughts and feelings verbally because their language doesn't give them an adequate vocabulary
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Sexist language
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Language that is demeaning to one sex
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Generic He
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The use of the masculine pronoun he to function generically when the subject of the sentence is of unknown gender or includes both men and women
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Man-linked Words
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Words that include the word man but are supposed to operate generically to include women as well, such as mankind
ex) Mailman, repairman, salesman, mankind |
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Confirmation
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A response that acknowledges and supports another
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Disconfirmation
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A response that fails to acknowledge and support another, leaving the person feeling ignored and disregarded
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Perspective Taking
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Acknowledging the viewpoints of those with whom we interact
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Indexing
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Avoiding generalizations by acknowledging the time frame in which we judge others and ourselves
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Ectomorph
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-A bony person
-Seen as weak, sickly |
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Mesomorph
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-A "buff" person
-Seen as confident, athletic, unintelligent |
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Endomorph
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-A plump person
-Ex) Oprah, Santa Claus -Seen as lazy, funny, jolly |
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Facial Communication
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Most expressive; demonstrates gamut of emotions; difficult to cover our feelings; facial affect (positive or negative)
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Eyes
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-Most expressive part of face
-Multiple meanings for eye movements |
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Pupil dilation
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"Interest"
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Eye gaze
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From romantic to hostile
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Body Movement
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-Greetings vary
-Variety of handshakes -Meaning of handshakes |
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Facial Expressions
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Length of eye gaze during conversation is based on culture (ex: direct eye contact as well as averted eye gaze both denote respect) (civil inattention)
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Smiling
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-Generally has positive effect
-Encourages others -May result in more pleasant encounter -Inappropriate smiling = unfavorable reactions |
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Touch (haptics)
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-Most primitive human communication; lasting effects
-Ultimate in privileged access to people -Invades another's personal space -Hierarchy of power -Intentionality -Non-intentionality = apologize -Sensitivity of others to touch (like, dislike, expected, unexpected; harassment) |
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Time (chronemics)
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Perception and use of time
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Polychronic
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Malleable time
ex) Jamaica (island time) |
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Monochronic
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Specific time
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Personal time orientations
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Past - appreciates history
Present - lives in the moment Future - goal-oriented |
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Nonverbal Communication
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All behaviors other than spoken words that communicate messages and create shared meaning between people
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Interaction Adaptation Theory
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A theory that suggests individuals simultaneously adapt that communication behavior to the communication behavior of others
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Turn Taking
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In a conversation, nonverbal regulators that indicate who talks when and to whom
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Mixed Message
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The incompatibility that occurs when our nonverbal messages are not congruent with our verbal messages
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Kinesics
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The study of a person's body movement and its effect on the communication process
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Delivery Gestures
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Gestures that signal shared understanding between communicators in a conversation
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Citing Gestures
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Gestures that acknowledge another's feedback in a conversation
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Seeking Gestures
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Gestures that request agreement or clarification from a sender during a conversation
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Turn Gestures
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Gestures that indicate another person can speak or that are used to request to speak in a conversation
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Body Orientation
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The extent to which we turn our legs, shoulders, and head toward or away from a communicator
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Physical Characteristics
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Aspects of physical appearance, such as body size, skin color, hair color and style, facial hair, and facial features
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Body Artifacts
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Items we wear that are part of our physical appearance and that have the potential to communicate, such as clothing, religious symbols, military medals, body piercings, and tattoos
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Paralanguage
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The study of a person's voice. Also called vocalics.
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Vocal Qualities
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Nonverbal behaviors that include pitch, rate, volume, inflection, tempo, and pronunciation as well as the use of vocal distractors and silence.
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Vocal Distractors
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The "ums" and "ers" used in conversation
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Vocal Characterizers
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Nonverbal behaviors such as crying, laughing, groaning, muttering, whispering, and whining
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Proxemics
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The study of how people use, manipulate, and identify their personal space
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Personal Space
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The distance we put between ourselves and others
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Intimate Distance
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The distance that extends about 18 inches around each of us that is normally reserved for people with whom we are close, such as close friends, romantic partners, and family members
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Personal Distance
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Ranging from 18 inches to 4 feet, the space most people use during conversations
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Social Distance
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Ranging from 4 to 12 feet, the spatial zone usually reserved for professional or formal interpersonal encounters
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Public Distance
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The spacial distance of 12 or more feet used in communication to allow listeners to see a person while he or she is speaking
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Expectancy Violations Theory
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A theory stating that we expect other people to maintain a certain distance from us in their conversations with us
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Territoritality
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Our sense of ownership of space that remains fixed
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Territorial Markers
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Items or objects that humans use to mark their territories, such as a newspaper set on a table in a coffee shop
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Physical Environment
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The setting in which our behavior takes place
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