Cog Psych Midterm

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mental representation

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an unobservable internal code for information

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stages of processing

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the steps required to form, modify, and use mental representations in a cognitive task

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serial processing

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Cases in which cog operations occur one at a time in a series

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parallel processing

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cog processes occur simultaneously

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cognitive architechture

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the design or org of the minds info processinf, components and systems

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module

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As set of precesses that are automatic, fast, encapsulated apart from other cog systems, and instantiated in a localized are of the brain

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symbolic models

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A class of cog architecture based on the assumption that the mind is built like a digital computer in which mental representations are symbols stored in memory and manipulated according to rules.

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connectionist models

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based on the assumption that the mind is built like the brain , with distributed mental representations, massively interconnected neuronlike units, and parallel processing

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self-knowledge

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Awareness of the self as an entity

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informational access

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The capacity to become aware of and able to report on mental representations and the processes that operate on them

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sentience

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The basic capacity for raw sensations, feelings, and subjective experience of any kind

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frontal lobe

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temporal lobe

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parietal lobe

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occipital lobe

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hippocampus

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Involved with the learning and storage of new events in long term mem. Limbic system. medial temporal lobe

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reaction time

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Measure duration of cog processes

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proportion of errors

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measure of errors in a cog task

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verbal protocols

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measure in which people are recorded as they think aloud and verbalize their thoughts while they perform the cog task

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event-related potential (ERP)

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An EEG signal that reflects the brains response to the onset of a specific stimulus

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Positron emission tomography (PET)

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uses radioactively labeled water to detect areas of high metabolic activity in the brain

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fMRI

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powerful magnetic field to reveal detailed images of neuronal tissue and the metabolic changes associated with activated regions

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Diffusion tensor imaging (DWI)

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detect diffusion of water molecules through the white matter tracts of the human brain

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Method of subtraction

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Isolate properties of a single stage of processing by comparing two tasks that differ only in terms of the stage of interest

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default network

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Multiple regions of the brain that are active when people re left free to think for themselves without external demands and when people remember the past, the future, and imagine what other people are thinking and perceiving

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double dissociation

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Situations in which an IV affects Task A but not task B and in which a different variable affects task B but not Task A

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transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

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application of a magnetic field to the human scalp in order to stimulate cortical neurons, alternating temporarily the neural functioning of specific brain regions

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Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

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tracking, with millisecond-level-accuracy, the electrical activity of the brain by measuring its associated magnetic field combined with the high spatial resolution of MRI

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blindsight

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Vision that allows the ID of object locations despite the absence of of concious awareness of the objects due to lesions un the occipital cortex

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pattern recognition

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The step between transduction and perception of a stimulus in the environment and its categorization as a meaningful object

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apperceptive agnosia 2

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A type of object recognition failure in which the difficulty lies in identifying the features of a perceptual category

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schema 2

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A mental representation that organizes knowledge about related concepts

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conteptually driven processes 2

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Expectations derived from schemas in long term memory that guide pattern recognition and memory encoding, also called top-down

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data-driven prcesses 2

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Analysis of incoming data(eg. edges, lines) held in sensory memory during pattern recognition and memory encoding, also called bottom-up

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word superiority effect 2

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The counterintuitive finding that a letter is recognized more rapidly when presented in the context of a whole word than when isolated alone

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change blindness 2

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the phenomenon that people will fail to notice large changes in visual scenes

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distinctive features 2

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Perceptual features that discriminate one stimulus from similar stimuli.

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holistic processing 2

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Perceiving the whole object: contrasts w analytic processing

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analytic processing 2

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Perceiving the features that compose the whole stimulus. contrasts w holistic

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propagnosia 2

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cant recognize faces

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phoneme 2

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speech sound or phonological segment that makes a difference in meaning

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formants 2

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Bands of sound energy at particular frequencies in a speech signal

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coarticulation 2

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phonemes are partly articulated in parallel as well as in a series

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categorical percpetion 2

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categorization of speech input at the phonemic level

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attention

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selecting certain stimuli among many and focusing cg resources

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selective attention

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focus while ignoring other stimuli

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divided attention

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split limited attentional resources between two or more stimuli

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shadowing

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The participant repeats aloud the stimuli presented to the attended channel and ignores those in the unattended, ignored channel

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early selection

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attentional filter that operates after sensory processing but prior to meaningful semantic processing

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attenuation

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Attentional filter that lowers the strength of the sensory signal on the unattended channel

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priming 3

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presentation of a stimulus that biases how a subsequent stimulus is processed

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mental effort 3

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The proportion of available attentional capacity that is momentarily allocated to a cog process

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stroop effect 3

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Demonstrated the automaticity of a word recognition, naming the color of ink on the board

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automatic processes 3

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unintentional, unconscious, and effortless

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controlled processes 3

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intentional, conscious, and demanding of mental effort

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central bottleneck 3

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necessity of selecting responses in a dual task situation in series rather than in parallel, implies that the response time t a second task is slowed by response selection in the first task

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orienting 3

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Aligning attention with a signal in the visual field, either overtly through eye movements, or covertly without any eye movement

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spatial neglect 3

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A cognitive disorder of attention in which a portion of the visual field is selectively ignored on a consistent basis despite normal visual abilities

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alerting 3

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a kind of attention that increases sensitivity to incoming stimuli and maintains this state of readiness

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executive attention 3

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network of monitors for conflicts among thoughts, feelings, and responses, and resolves such conflicts by inhibiting inappropriate mental representations and activating appropriate ones

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anterior cingulate gyrus 3

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region involved in the supervisory attentional system that inhibits automatic responses and selects correct ones

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feature integration theory 3

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Posits that automatic pre attentive processing of features must be followed by controlled attentional processing to bund the features into a whole object

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binding problem

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how the features that are distributed in multiple brain regions are integrated to result in the perception of a single object

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inattentional blindness 3

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failure to perceive an unattended object because its features were not bound by attention

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subliminal perception 3

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Refers to unsupported claim that unattended stimuli are perceived as whole objects although certain features may not be processed

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iconic memory 4

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A component that stores visual features for a brief period of time

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echoic memory 4

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A component in the auditory system that stores sounds for a brief duration

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serial position effect 4

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The outcome when people are asked to recall items presented earlier in a lost in any order, and the initial and final items on the lost are those best recalled

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anterograde amnesia 4

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cog disorder characterized by an inability to remember events that occur after the onset of the disorder

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retrograde amnesia 4

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cog disorder characterized by an inability to remember events that occurred prior to the onset of the disorder

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consolidation 4

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the process of successfully storing an event in long term memory and strengthening its representation so it can be recalled later

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dual-coding theory 4

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Holds that info is best remembered when it is stored in LTM using both verbal and imaginal cues

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phonemic similarity effect 4

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THe high rate of intrusion errors in sTM for stimuli that are pronounced alike

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proactive interference 4

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MEans that past learning interferes with the ability to learn and remember new info

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retroactive interference 4

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Refers to recent learning iinterfering w the recall of previous learning

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serial search 4

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Means that the items in mem are somehow ordered and are examined one at a time starting w the first item and proceeeding to the next

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parallel search 4

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all items in mem are examined simultaneously

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self-terminating search 4

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search taht stops as soon as the item being sought is found

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exhaustive search 4

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continues after you find what youre looking for

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working memory 4

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system for temporarily maintaining mental representations that are relevant to the performance of a cog task in an activated state

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declarative memory 5

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knowledge of events facts and concepts

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semantic memory 5

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factual and conceptual knowlsedge about th world and the words used to symblize such knowledge

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nondeclarative memory 5

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skills and related procedural knowledge

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Highly superior autobiographial mem 5

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extreme mem ability of dates and stuff of past

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mental time travel 5

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recalling past events and envisioning future events through reconstructive retrieval processes

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prospective memory 5

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remembering to take some action at a specific time in the future

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maintenance rehearsal 5

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recycling info within the short term or working memory by covertly verbalizing it

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elaboritve rehearesal 5

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Linkning info in STM w info already stored in LTM

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levels or depths of processing 5

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A memory superiority for events attentively processed at a semantic level as compared toa sensory level

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self-reference effect

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level of processing effect whereby encoding processes that relate an item to be learned to self-concepts produce superior memory

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transfer appropriate processing 5

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Holds that test performance depends on the degree to which the processes engaged at encoding are compatible w the demands of the mem test

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distinctiveness 5

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Refers to how items to be learned are different from one another and other items already stored in mem: Contrasts w relatiopnal processing

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relational processing 5

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how items to be learned are related to one another and to other items stored in mem: Contrasts w distinctiveness

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subjective organization 5

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A consistent organizational pattern for recalling unrelated items from LTM that is unique to each individual

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retrieval mode 5

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The initial stage of retrieval in which an effortful search is made of LTM for the representation of a past event

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encoding specificity 5

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THe specific encoding operations performed on what is perceived determine what retrieval cues are effective in gaining access to the stored representation

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tip of the tongue state (TOT)

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Knowing its in mem but cant retrieve

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mood congruence effect 5

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Events encoded during one mood are easiest to retrieve during the same mood. Positive life events when happy

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state-dependent learning 5

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Sometimes observed when a persons mood or state of consciousness (drunk, sober) is directly manupulated duering learning and retrieval, with matches yileding better recall than mismatches