Cog Psych Midterm 2 Part 1

Front 1

why do people make errors in eyewitness testimony?

Back 1

1. errors associated with perception and attention--inaccurate or insufficient encoding, weapons effect

2. misidentifications due to familiarity--causes source confusion

3. errors due to suggestion--misinformation effect

Front 2

guidelines for preserving eyewitness testimony

Back 2

1.open ended questions and caution against guessing

2. using line up (eg sequential, not simultaneous

Front 3

cognitive interview for preserving eyewitness memory

Back 3

1. mental reinstatement

2. reporting the incident in different orders and from different viewpoints

Front 4

recovered memories

Back 4

1. some cases may be recovered but due to false memory

2. it is possible to implant false "recovered" memories in a lab setting (imagination inflation paradigm and lost in the mall study)

Front 5

flashbulb memories

Back 5

people can vividly recall how they learned about a hightly emotional event. might not necessarily be accurate

Front 6

emotion and memory

Back 6

emotions can make an event more memorable but can also distort memories--direct attention to only specific aspects, trigger (unwarrented) inferences

Front 7

sevin sins of memory

Back 7

1. transience (forgetting over time)

2. absentmindedness (insufficient encoding due to a lack of attention)

3.blocking (failing to retrieve the information when you need it

4.source misattribution (cannot remember where the info actually came from)

5. suggestibility (influenced by later suggestion or misleading information)

6. bias (influenced by our knowledge, prior experience, beliefs etc)

7. persistance (some memories don't go away, even though you don't want it)

Front 8

sins of omission

Back 8

1. transcience

2. absentmindedness

3. blocking

Front 9

sins of commision

Back 9

1. source misattribution

2. suggestibility

3. bias

Front 10

retina

Back 10

receives an image of a stimulus, and receptor cells convert light energy into neural impulses

Front 11

rods

Back 11

1. concentrated in the periphery

2. operate at low light (good for night vision)

3. lead to colorless sensation

Front 12

cones

Back 12

1.concentrated in the foveal region (center)

2. respond at high levels of illumination (good for day vision)

3.responsible for color sensations (3 types of cones--blue, green, red wavelength)

Front 13

where do neural impluses go?

Back 13

primary visual cortex

Front 14

where does stimuli in the left visual field go

Back 14

right hemisphere

Front 15

where does stimuli in right visual field go?

Back 15

left hemisphere

Front 16

two cortical pathways

Back 16

1. dorsal (where) pathway

2. ventral (what" pathway

Front 17

dorsal

Back 17

1. goes to the parietal lobe.

2. processes spatial information (location)

Front 18

ventral

Back 18

1. temporal lobe

2. processes visual information (shape, color)

Front 19

things dominant in left

Back 19

1. many aspects of language processing

2. processing "local" information

Front 20

things dominant in the right hemisphere

Back 20

1. many aspects of visuospatial

2. processing of "global" information

Front 21

left hand and left visual field word recognized?

Back 21

no

Front 22

left hand and left visual field correct object taken?

Back 22

yes

Front 23

right hand and left visual field word recognized?

Back 23

no

Front 24

left visual field and right hand correct object taken?

Back 24

no

Front 25

right visual field and left hand word recognized?

Back 25

yes

Front 26

right visual field and left hand correct object taken?

Back 26

no

Front 27

right visual field and right hand word recognized?

Back 27

yes

Front 28

right visual field and right hand correct object taken?

Back 28

yes

Front 29

left hemisphere controls what hand?

Back 29

right

Front 30

right hemisphere controls what hand

Back 30

left

Front 31

fovea

Back 31

point of central focus in the retina

Front 32

how do we perceive objects and scenes?

Back 32

bottom up and top down processing

Front 33

bottom up sources

Back 33

information directly available with stimulation of receptors (2D image projected onto the retina). wavelengths of light (for color) and visual features (eg line orientation)

Front 34

top down sources

Back 34

additional information based on prior experiences, knowledge, and context

Front 35

top down (conceptually drive) processing

Back 35

driven by what we already know from our prior experiences and contexts

Front 36

bottom up (data driven) processing

Back 36

driven by the analysis of the input given

Front 37

what plays a crucial role in bottom up processing?

Back 37

analysis of visual features. some neurons are known ot be sensitive to simple features--our recognition of letters are affected by visual features

Front 38

recognition of letters theory

Back 38

pandemonium model

Front 39

recognition of common objects theory

Back 39

recognition by components (RBC) theory

Front 40

pandemonium model of letter recognition

Back 40

purely bottom up, one way flow of information. no top down influence

Front 41

recognition by components (RBC) theory

Back 41

each object can be decomposed into basic elements (features). we recognize objects identifying these elements (called geons) and their configurations

Front 42

evidence for the RBC theory

Back 42

indentifying basic features (geons) is important for the recognition of simple drawings

Front 43

limitations of purely bottom up processing

Back 43

the information directly available to the receptors (eg the 2D image on the retina) is often ambiguous (THE CAT)--additional sources of information (top down processing) are necessary to efficiently resolve such ambiguities

Front 44

top down sources of information

Back 44

additional information based on our prior experiences, knowledge, and context. uses consistent perceptual cues or principles acquired through experience, knowledge and expectations, and contextual cues

Front 45

consistent perceptual cues or principles acquired through experience

Back 45

gestalt principles of perception and use of depth/distance cues

Front 46

gestalt principles of perception

Back 46

we use the regularities in the visual world learned from our experiences to guide our perception (top down processing)--columns/rows of dots example and rings

Front 47

use of depth/distance cues

Back 47

we use the regularities in the visual world learned from our experiencesto guide our perception (top down processing)--ponzo illusion with railway--object further away is smaller so lines are not same size even though they are

Front 48

examples of top down processing

Back 48

in all cases, prior knowledge, expectations, and context influence the way you perceive the stimulus (visual or auditory)

Front 49

jumbled word effect

Back 49

the ability to read words in sentences despite having mixed up letters in the middle of some words

Front 50

phoneme (or phonemic) restoration effect

Back 50

listeners automatically fill in missing sounds, using context as a cue

ex it was found that the *eel was on the shoe

Front 51

word superiority effect

Back 51

single letters are better identified in words than in nonwords or by themselves

Front 52

how can we explain the word superiority effect?

Back 52

interactive activation model of word recognition

Front 53

interactive activation model vs pandemonium model similarities

Back 53

similar to pandemonium model in that there are different levels and each node does its own job

Front 54

interactive activation model vs pandemonium model differences

Back 54

competing nodes try to inhibit one another and interactive activation model has bi directional flow of information--bottom up and top down processing