Cliffs Ap Biology Ch 8 Evolution

Front 1

What is the term used to describe how populations of organisms change from generation to generation and how new species originate?

Back 1

Microevolution

Front 2

What is the term used to describe patterns of changes in groups of closely related species over broad periods of geological time?

Back 2

Macroevolution

Front 3

What is the term used to describe geography defines the distribution of species?

Back 3

Biogeography

Front 4

What is the term used to describe two kinds of structures that contribute to the identification of evolutionary relationships among species?

Back 4

Comparative Anatomy

Front 5

What is the term used to describe body parts that resemble one another in different species because they have evolved from a common ancestor?

Back 5

Homologous Structure

Front 6

What is the term used to describe body parts that resemble one another in different species, not because they have evolved from a common ancestor, but because they have evolved independently as adaptations to their environment?

Back 6

Analogous Structures

Front 7

What is the term used to describe the differences in survival and reproduction among individuals in a population as a result of their interaction with the environment?

Back 7

Natural Selection

Front 8

What type of selection does graph a, b, and c depict?

Back 8

a. Directional Selection
b. Disruptive Selection
c. Stabilizing Selection

Front 9

What is the term used to describe a type of selection that eliminates individuals that have extreme or unusual traits?

Back 9

Stabalizing Selection

Front 10

What is the term used to describe a type of selection that favors traits at one extreme of a range of traits?

Back 10

Directional Selection

Front 11

What is the term used to describe a type of selection when the enviironment favors extreme or unusual traits, while selecting against the common traits?

Back 11

Disruptive Selection

Front 12

What is the term used to describe the differential mating of mates in a population?

Back 12

Sexual Selection

Front 13

What is the term used to describe a form of directional selection carried out by humans to select for plants or animals with desireable traits?

Back 13

Artificial Selection

Front 14

What are the five mechanisms of variations in a population that allows natural selection to operate?

Back 14

1. Mutations
2. Sexual Reproduction
3. Diploidy
4. Outbreeding
5. Balanced polymorphisms

Front 15

What is the term used to describe exchange of DNA between nonsister chromatid of homologous chromosomes furing prophase I of meiosis?

Back 15

Crossing Over

Front 16

What is the term used to describe mating with unrelated partners?

Back 16

Outbreeding

Front 17

What is the term used to describe the superior quality of offspring resulting from crosses between two different inbred strains of plants?

Back 17

Hybrid Vigor

Front 18

What is the term used to describe when the least common phenotypes have a selective advantage?

Back 18

Frequency dependent selection or minority advantage

Front 19

What is the term used to describe variation that does not have selective advantage/disadvantage but is present in a population?

Back 19

Neutral Variation

Front 20

What are the five causes of changes in allele frequency in populations?

Back 20

1. Natural Selection
2. Mutation
3. Gene Flow
4. Genetic Drift
5. Nonrandom Mating

Front 21

What is the term used to describe the increase or decrease in allele frequency due to the impact of the environment?

Back 21

Natural Selection

Front 22

What is the term used to describe the introduction or removal of alleles from a population when individuals leave or enter the population?

Back 22

Gene Flow

Front 23

What is the term used to describe random increase or decrease of alleles?

Back 23

Genetic Drift

Front 24

What is the term used to describe when allele frequencies in a group of migrating individuals are by chance not the same as the original population?

Back 24

Founder Effect

Front 25

What is the term used to describe when a population undergoes a dramatic decrease in size?

Back 25

Bottleneck

Front 26

What is the term used to describe when individuals choose mates based upon their particular traits?

Back 26

Nonrandom mating

Front 27

What are the five conditions of a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Back 27

1. All traits are selectively neutal (no natural selection)
2. Mutations do not occur
3. The population must be isolated from other populations
4. The population is large
5. Mating is random

Front 28

Does genetic drift, gene flow, or natural selection occur in a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Back 28

No, none of these occur

Front 29

What is the term used to describe a group of individuals capable of interbreeding?

Back 29

Species

Front 30

What is the term used to describe when a population is divided by a geographical barrier so that interbreeding between the two resulting populations is prevented, and two new species result in the two populations?

Back 30

Allopatric Speciation

Front 31

What is the term used to describe a mechanism of speciation in which a new species is formed within a population in the absense of a geographical barrier.

Back 31

Sympatric Speciation

Front 32

What is the term used to describe the relatively rapid evolution of many species from a single common ancestor during the colonization of a new area?

Back 32

Adaptive Radiation

Front 33

There are 8 ways of maintaining reproductive isolation, what are the five prezygotic mechanisms, and the three postzygotic mechanisms?

Back 33

Prezygotic
1. Habitat Isolation
2. Temporal Isolation
3. Behavioral Isolation
4. Mechanical Isolation
5. Gametic Isolation
Postzygotic Mechanisms
1. Hybrid Inviability
2. Hybrid Sterility
3. Hybrid Breakdown

Front 34

What is the term used to describe two or more species that originate from a common ancestor and become increasingly different over time?

Back 34

Divergent Evolution

Front 35

What is the term used to describe two unrelated species that share similiar traits?

Back 35

Convergent Evolution

Front 36

What is the term used to describe two related species or two related lineages that have made similiar evolutionary changes after divergence from a common ancestor?

Back 36

Parallel Evolution

Front 37

What is the term used to describe the evolution of one species in response to another?

Back 37

Coevolution

Front 38

What is the term used to describe living organisms that obtain energy by consuming organic substances?

Back 38

Heterotrophs