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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
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What is the hygien hypothesis? |
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What is pharmacogenetics? |
Variability in how a person responds to a drug based on the variationwithin a person’s gene • Typically revolves around how a person metabolizes a drug – ex: cytochrome P450 • Pharmacogenomics: how people respond to drugs based on the variationwithin an entire genome • Includes all different types of drug reactions • Used interchangeably with pharmacogenetics • Pharmacogenetics/genomics is viewed as a highly important area forimproving drug therapy and prescribing in the future |
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What is meant by the term Aging Population? |
A population is ‘aging’ when the proportion of the population in theolder age groups increases • Trends of an aging population • Rise in the median age • Rise in life expectante • What contributes to an aging population • Better medicine, agriculture, etc. leading to better health • Population booms where people also live to older ages |
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Penetrance v Expressivity |
Penetrance: The % of people who exhibit phenotypeassociated with genotype • Does disease always occur of mutation is present? Expressivity: the degree to which an individual exhibits a certain trait • Does everyone exhibit the phenotype in the same way? |
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Sleep |
• Controlled by a combination of 2 internal influencies: • Homeostasis: Process by which the body maintains a “steady state” of internal conditions • Circadian Rhythm: Refer to the cyclical changes (e.g. hormone levels) thatoccur over a 24- hour period • Two stages of sleep – these do not control sleep • NREM: Characterized by a reduction in physiological activity and consists of four stages • REM: An active period of sleep marked by intense brain activity |
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What is drug induced disease, adveres drug event/reaction, medication error |
Drug Induced Disease: an unintended effect of a drug that may result inmorbidity or mortality with symptoms sufficient enough to prompt a patient toseek medical attention or require hospitalization • Long term and severe consecuente • Ex: depression, liver disease, pulmonary disease Adverse Drug Event / Reaction: a harmful or unpleasant reaction resulting fromthe use of drugs • Often thought of as ‘side effects’ • May or may not be severe • Ex: headache, hives from an allergic reaction Medication Error: any preventable event that may cause or lead to theinappropriate medication use, or patient harm, while the medication is in thecontrol of the health care professional, patient, or consumer |
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Risk Factor v Complication |
Risk Factor v Complication • Risk Factor: something that increases the likelihood of developing adisease or injury • Complication: a secondary disease or condition • Which is the risk factor? • High colesterol • Inactivity • High Blood Pressure • Heart Disease |
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What is Phagocytosis? |
Phagocytosis • ‘Cell Eating” • Ingestion by a cell |
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What is an antigen? |
Antigen A toxin, foreign substance or portion of a foreign substance, chemicals,bacteria, viruses, pollen, etc. that can induce an immune response Can also be human in origin |
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What is a pathogen? |
Pathogen • A microorganism that can cause disease • Viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, protozoa |
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What happens durring phagotysosis? |
Creates sack around theobject called a phagosome • This merges with a lysosome • Contains digesting enzymes • Phagolysosome created andobject destroyed |
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What is Immuntiy? |
• Your Immune System is what protects you from disease and illness. • Since immunity is our body’s defense, some degree of immune imbalanceunderlies almost all illness, especially chronic infections, fatigue, cancer,autoimmune conditions, and chronic alergias. • Impaired immune function is a combination of our genetic susceptibility andenvironmental factors. |
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What does your inmune system do? |
• Protection from macromolecules or invading organisms • Viruses, bacteria, protozoa, toxins, parasites… • Autoimmunity: immune responses against our own proteins • Human tissues or cells become antigens • This is designed to remove tissue/cells that have died |
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What are the mecanisms of immunity? |
Innate immune system • Present from birth • Non specific • Immediate Response Adaptive immune system • Synonyms: acquired or specific immunity • Responds to specific pathogens • Slow Response |
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What does the general inmune system proccess look like? |
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The Skin as an Organ of Protection |
• Our first line of defense against foreign bodies arebarrier tissues (skin, mucus membranas) • The skin represents a major, and effective, physicalbarrier against the outside environment • Microbial, mechanical, physical • The skin is more than just a wall • It taps into other parts of the immune system to addprotection • BOTH innate and adaptive immunity can be triggered by andgenerated in the skin |
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Innate Immunity |
• Nonspecific response • Anatomic barriers • Skin and mucosal membranes • Physiologic barriers • Acidity and chemical mediatos • Phagocytosis • Neutrophils and macrophages • Inflammation • Antibacterial and stimulatory effects • Natural killer cells •Tumor cytotoxicity |
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Innate Immunity |
• Discriminates between ‘self’ and ‘non-self’ • Distinguishes between pathogenic (disease causing) and non-pathogenic microbes Plays important role in triggering the adaptive immuneresponse • Release of chemical signals toattract other cells Happens immediately or withinhours of exposure Stops the early spread of infection |
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Major function of innate immunity |
Major Function of Innate Immunity • Identification and removal of foreignsubstances • Recruitment of immune cells to sites ofinfection • Production of signals known as chemical factors • Activation of the complement cascade • Activation of the adaptive immune systemthrough antigen presentation |
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How are we mediating innata immunity ? |
Innate Immunity is Mediated Through 1. 2.3. Cells of the innate immune system • Phagocytic cells – neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages • Cells that release inflammatory signals – basophils, mast cells and eosinophils Cytokines and chemokines – chemical signalingComplement activation • ‘a biochemical cascade of the immune system that helps, or “complements”,the ability of antibodies to clear pathogens’ 4. Inflammation |
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What is adaptive immunity? |
Adaptive Immunity • The innate immune system helps to prevent free growth of bacteriawithin the body, and to stop pathogens and toxins from infecting;however, many pathogens have developed mechanisms allowingthem to the bypass the innate immune system, usually byoverwhelming it • When the innate immune system releases enough chemical signalsfor long enough, the adaptive immune system becomes activated |
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What is the Functions of the Adaptive Immune System ? |
• Recognition of specific ‘non-self’ antigens in the presence of ‘self’ • Generation of tailored (specific) responses to eliminate specific pathogens • Development of immunologic memory in which each pathogen isremembered by a signature antibody • Memory cells can be called upon quickly to eliminate the pathogen becausethey do not require a large stimulation by the innate immune system |
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What does adaptive immunity do? |
Adaptive Immunity • Uses lymphocytes (B Cells and T Cells are the major ones) • Process begins by antigen presentation • Relies on the capacity of immune cells to distinguish between self andnon-self |
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Adaptive immunity Cells |
Adaptive Immunity • Types of adaptive responses • Cell-mediated (cellular) immunity • Dominated by antigen specific T cells • Phagocytes • NO antibodies • Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity • Dominated by antibody releasing B cells • Helper T cells |
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T Cells! What are they? |
T cells • T Cells are derived from cells in yourbone marrow • They travel to the thymus where theymature • Once they are mature, the body willnegatively select • The thymus is the most active during theneonatal and preadolescent phases oflife • By your teens, it begins to atrophy and byadulthood it is almost completely replaced with fat Types of T Cells • Memory cells • Cytotoxic cells • Helper cells • Suppressor cells |
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T cells, what types? |
T cells • T Cells only identify antigens that have been processed intopeptides bound to specific surface molecules on cells • Two types of T Cells • Helper T Cells: further activate the immune system to combat the antigenincluding both T and B Cells • Need further stimulation of the immune system to remove pathogen • Cytotoxic T Cells: antiviral and anti-tumor responses • Release cytotoxic molecules straight into the organism or abnormal cell |
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What are B cells |
B cells • Helper T cells and antigen presenting cells help to stimulateand activate B cells • Antibodies can recognize entire antigen without the need forspecific peptides or surface molecules • Antibodies: IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE • Transform into plasma B cells (anti-body releasing) ormemory B cells • Plasma cells live 2-3 days • Approx. 10% of plasma cells become memory B cells |
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What are antibodies jobs? |
Antibodies • Chief functions of antibodies • Neutralize bacterial toxina • Neutralize virases • Promote phagocytosis • Activate inflammatory response • Antibodies at work • Primary and secondary responses |
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Immunologic memory |
Immunologic Memory • Primary Immune Response (first exposure to a pathogen) • Lag period of 3 to 6 days after antigen challenge • Peak levels of antibody activity around 10 days then levels decline • Secondary Immune Response (re-exposure to same antigen) Sensitized memory cells respond within hours Antibody peak levels around 2-3 days Antibodies bind with greater affinity and can remain at high levelsfor weeks to months after |
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What is hypersentivity? |
Hypersensitivity • An allergic reaction • An exaggerated response • Tissue destruction occurs as a result of the immune response • Four types • Anaphylactic – hay fever, asthma… • Cytotoxic – autoimmune hemolytic anemia (e.g. Rh incompatibility[blood]) • Immune Complex– Autoimmune diseases • Cell-Mediated – Granulomatous disease (e.g. tuberculosis) |
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What is Active and Passive Immunity ? |
Active and Passive Immunity • Active: exposure to an antigen to generate an immuneresponse and develop antibodies and memory cells • Make your own antibodies • Takes longer to develop but can last a lifetime • Ex: natural infection, vaccination • Passive: process of providing antibodies to protect against aninfection - short term immunity only Antibody transfer from somewhere other than creating them on yourown Ex: maternal-fetal transfer, antibodies acquired through injection |
