Chp. 31 (Bio) Fungi

Front 1

Are fungi autotroph or heterotroph?

Back 1

Heterotroph

They break down complex food molecules. The fungi absorbs the remaining small compounds

(They do not do anything to produce Carbon or Energy)

p. 636

Front 2

How do fungi eat?

Back 2

They feed by absorption.

(They break down complex food molecules. The fungi absorbs the remaining small compounds)

p. 636

Front 3

What do decomposer (saporobs) fungi do?

Back 3

break down and absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material, such as fallen logs, animal corpses, and the wastes of living organisms.

p. 637

Front 4

What do parasitic funti do?

Back 4

Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from the cells of living hosts.

Example: Athelete's foot
p. 637

Front 5

What do mutualistic fungi do?

Back 5

Mutualistic fungi also absorb nutrients from a host organism, but they reciprocate with actions that benefic the host.

Exp: lichen

p. 637

Front 6

yeasts.

Back 6

Unicellular (sometimes forms mycelium), perfect and imperfect

Economic uses
– Bread making
– Alcohol production

Candida can cause yeast infections in humans – thrush in babies, vaginal infections

p. 637

Front 7

What are hyphae?

Back 7

The bodies of fungi typically form a network of tiny filaments, which are called hyphae.

Penetrates organisms and or cell walls

p 637

Front 8

What make up the cell wall of fungi?

Back 8

chitin. A nitrogen-containing polysaccharide

.

p. 637

Front 9

What is mycelium?

Back 9

Extensive hyphal growth

•The mycelium is usually hidden in the soil, in wood, or another food source

A single mycelium can cover 100s of acres of area with thousands of miles of hyphae!

p. 637

Front 10

Does the hyphae increase it's girth or length as it grows?

Back 10

length so that the overall absorptive surface area increases.

p. 637

Front 11

What is septa?

Back 11

crossing-walls that divide hyphae. (2 nuclei)

p. 637

Front 12

How do ribosomes, mitochondria, and nuclei flow from cell to cell?

Back 12

The septa have pores large enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuclei to flow from cell to cell.

p. 637

Front 13

What are coenocytic fungi?

Back 13

Fungi that lack septa. They consist of a continuous cytoplasmic mass having hundreds or thousands of nuclei.

p. 638

Front 14

What is haustoria?

Back 14

Specialized hyphae which the some fungi use to extract nutrients from -- or exchange nutrients with -- their hosts.

The part in mutualistic fungi that exchange nutrients

Front 15

What is a mycorrhizae?

Back 15

Fungi from all 3 main divisions that are mutualistic with vascular plants (Asto , Basidio, mercerize)

Hyphae penetrate roots and sometimes even cells Aid plant in mineral uptake, receive organic molecules in return

Some plants can not survive without mycorrhizae

Mushrooms beneath trees are typically the fruiting bodies of mycorrhizae

Ectomycorrhizae - Outside of roots

Endo ... - Inside of roots

Front 16

What are ectomycorrhizal fungi?

Back 16

Fungi that form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex.

p. 638

Front 17

What are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi?

Back 17

Fungi which extend their branching hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination (pushing inward) of the root cell membrane.

p. 638

Front 18

TRUE OR FALSE: Most plants do not have nor need mycorrhizae.

Back 18

FALSE. Almost all vascular plants have mycorrhizae and rely on their fungal partners for essential nutrients.

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Front 19

What do most fungi use to reproduce?

Back 19

Sexually or Asexually

Asexually by spores.

If they land in a moist place where there is food, they germinate, producing new mycelia.

p. 638

Front 20

Are the nuclei of fungal hyphae and the spores of most fungal species diploid or haploid?

Back 20

haploid. Although many fungi have transient diploid stages that form during sexual life cycles.

p. 639

Front 21

What are pheromones?

Back 21

Sexual signaling molecules that are released by hyphae from two mycelia, which begins sexual reproduction.

p. 639

Front 22

What is plasmogamy?

Back 22

Through Plasmogomy (in the cytoplasm) the cells become Dikaryotic (2nuclei)

The union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia.

p.639

Front 23

What is a heterokaryon?

Back 23

"different nuclei". When parts of fused mycelium contain coexisting, genetically different nuclei.

p. 639

Front 24

What is a dikaryotic?

Back 24

When the haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell, one from each parent. The mycelium is dikaryotic. As a dikaryotic mycelium grows, the two nuclei in each cell divide in tandem without fusing.

p. 639

Front 25

What is karyogamy?

Back 25

fusion of nuclei

During karyogamy, the haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents fuse, producing diploid cells.

EX: zygotes and transient structures.

p. 639

Front 26

What are molds?

Back 26

Rapid growing, asexually reproducing, saprobes or parasites

• Fungi imperfecti

– No known sexual stage in life cycle

– Penicillium has had economic importance as antibiotic source and in cheese making

p. 639

Front 27

Where did fungi evolve?

Back 27

Phylogenetic systematics suggests that fungi evolved from a flagellated ancestor.

p. 640

Front 28

What is unique to chytrids?

Back 28

zoospores.

p. 641

Front 29

Are chytrids decomposers, parasites, or mutualists?

Back 29

They can be either decomposers, parasites or mutualists.

p. 641

Front 30

What do chytrids form a paraphyletic group with?

Back 30

zygomycetes

p. 641

Front 31

zygomycetes are fast-growing ____, _______, and _______ _________.

Back 31

molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts.

p. 643

Front 32

What are zygomycetes named for?

Back 32

Their sexually produced zygosporangia.

p. 643

Front 33

Where are the septa found on zygomycetes?

Back 33

The hyphae are coenocytic, with septa found only where reproductive cells are formed.

p. 643

Front 34

What are zygosporangium?

Back 34

Plasmogamy produces a sturdy structure called a zygosporangium, in which karyogamy and then meiosis occur: Note that while a zygosporangium represents the zygote (2n) stage in the life cycle, it is not a zygote in the usual sense (that is, a cell with one diploid nucleus.)

p. 644

Front 35

Where do ascomycetes live?

Back 35

in marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats.

p. 644

Front 36

How can you tell if something is an ascomycete?

Back 36

The sexual spores are in a saclike asci, usually contained in fruiting bodies called ascocarps..

Front 37

What are asci?

Back 37

Sexual spores of ascomycetes.

p. 644

Front 38

Why are ascomycetes commonly called sac fungi?

Back 38

Because they produce sac like sexual spores called asci.

p. 645

Front 39

What are ascocarps?

Back 39

The fruiting bodies of ascomycetes.

p. 645

Front 40

What are conidiophores?

Back 40

Conidia are formed by conidiophores, specialized hyphae at the externally at the tips (often in clusters or long chains, from which they may be dispersed by the wind.)

p.645

Front 41

What type of fungi is neurospora?

Back 41

Ascomycetes

Front 42

What type of fungi are mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi?

Back 42

basidiomycetes

p. 646

Front 43

What is another common name for basidiomycetes?

Back 43

club fungus because of the club-like shape of the basidium also gives rise to the name.

p. 646

Front 44

TRUE OR FALSE: The life cycle of a basidiomycete usually includes a long-lived dikaryotic mycelium.

Back 44

TRUE.

p. 646

Front 45

What are basidiocarps?

Back 45

The mycelium reproducecs sexually by producing elaborate fuiting bodies called basidiocarps.

p. 646

Front 46

What are basidiospores?

Back 46

Sexual spores that come from numerous basidia in a basidiocarp.

p. 647

Front 47

TRUE OR FALSE: Fungi can decompose cellulose and lignin of plant cell walls.

Back 47

TRUE. Without these decomposers, carbon, nitrogen, and other elements would remain tied up in organic matter.

p. 648

Front 48

What are endophytes?

Back 48

Fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts without causing harm.

p.648

Front 49

TRUE OR FALSE: Most endophytes identified to date are basidomycetes.

Back 49

FALSE. Most endophytes identified to date are ascomycetes.

p. 648

Front 50

TRUE OR FALSE: Some fungi share their digestive services with animals, helping break down plant material in the guts of cattle and other grazing mammals.

Back 50

TRUE.

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Front 51

What is a lichen?

Back 51

A symbiotic relationship of fungus and algae or cyanobacteria

Both have chlorophyll

Generally ascomycetes, sometimes basidiomycetes

Mychrozizae
p. 649

Front 52

Who benefits in a lichen?

Back 52

Both benefit. In most lichens that have been studied, each partner provides something the other could not obtain on its own.

p.649

Front 53

How do fungi of many lichens reproduce?

Back 53

Many lichens reproduce sexually by forming ascocarps or basidiocarps.

p. 650

Front 54

What are mycosis?

Back 54

A fungal infection that causes skin mycoses or systemic mycoses..

p.651

p. 651

Front 55

What are some of the diverse lifestyles that fungi exhibit? list 3

Back 55

Saprobes, parasites or mutualists

Front 56

Fungi are closely related to ______

Back 56

Animals because they both consist on Chitin

Exp: Ants

Front 57

Hyphae structure can either be ___?

Back 57

2 Nuclei per cell in septate because sometimes the mycelium becomes dikaryotic hyphae

Front 58

Hyphae structure

Paracitic or Mutualist

Back 58

Front 59

General Fungal Life Cycle

Back 59

Front 60

Life cycle of Zygomycota

Back 60

Front 61

species of Ascomycota

Back 61

Tuber gibbosum - Truffles

Morchella - morels

Gyromitra esculenta – False Morel

Aleuria aurantia - Saporobes lives in decaying wood

Sarcoscypha coccinea

Urnula

Front 62

Life cycle of Basidiomycota

Back 62

No Asexual reproduction

Front 63

Some Species of Basidiomycota Part 1

Back 63

Agaricus sylvicola - Edible Mushrooms

Agaricus campestris - Most realted to the ones we buy at the store

Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric) - Toxic that causes Hallucination if large amount is eaten

Front 64

Penicillium

Back 64

Used to be part of imperfect

Front 65

Foliose Lichen

Back 65

Can be mistaken for plant

(Seen on oaks)

Front 66

Crustose Lichens

Back 66

Crusty layer on rocks

Very colorful

Front 67

Phylum of Fungi

Back 67

Kingdom Fungi
– Phylum Chytridiomycota

– Phylum Zygomycota

– Phylum Glomeromycota

– Phylum Ascomycota
– Phylum Basidiomycota

– Fungi imperfecti

Front 68

Agaricus sylvicola

Back 68

Basidiomycota – Club Fungi

Agaricus sylvicola - Edible Mushrooms

Front 69

Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric)

Back 69

Basidiomycota – Club Fungi

Toxic that causes Hallucination if large amount is eaten

Front 70

Amanita virosa

Back 70

Basidiomycota – Club Fungi

(Destroying Angel) - Very Poisonous - The chemicals in it causes liver failure

Front 71

imperfect fungi

Back 71

are fungi that do not have a sexual stage, they reproduce asexually.

Front 72

The fungi sexual life cycle involves?

Back 72

cell fusion-plasmogamy, nuclear fusion-karyogamy, and an intervening heterokarytoic stage

Front 73

spores

Back 73

A haploid cell, produced either sexually or asexually, that produces mycelium after germination.

Front 74

Morchella - morels

Back 74

Ascomycota – Sac Fungi

Lives in the bottom of the tree

Front 75

Aleuria aurantia

Back 75

Ascomycota – Sac Fungi

Saporobes lives in decaying wood

Front 76

Tuber gibbosum - Truffles

Back 76

Ascomycota – Sac Fungi

Edible ( Considered a Delicacy in paris)

Front 77

Some common names for Basidiomycota

Back 77

Mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs, rusts

Front 78

What type of hyphae is in Basidiomycota

Back 78

Septatehyphae

Front 79

Where are spores born in Basidiomycota

Back 79

Spores are borne in basidia on basidiocarp often on gills beneath the cap

Front 80

What is the prominent, visible stage in the life cycle Basidiomycota

Back 80

Basidiocarps the dikaryotic fruiting body

Front 81

What are some types of Basidiomycota fungi

Back 81

Mostly terrestrial, saprobes or plantparasites

Front 82

What is another name for Basidiomycota

Back 82

Club Fungi

Front 83

Ascomycota are also know as

Back 83

Sac Fungi

Front 84

Where are Ascomycota found

Back 84

marine, freshwater,and terrestrial habitats

Front 85

What ecological importance does Ascomycota have in the environment

Back 85

saprobes, plant pathogens, mutualists (lichens or mycorrhizae) - The truffles are the mycorrhizae

Front 86

What type of Hyphae in Ascomycota

Back 86

Dikaryotic hyphae form ascocarps

Front 87

Life cycle of Ascomycota

Back 87

Sexual spores borne in asci on ascocarps

Asexual spores borne in “naked” groups on hyphae

Front 88

Some Species of Basidiomycota Part 2

Back 88

Amanita virosa (Destroying Angel) - Very Poisonous - The chemicals in it causes liver failure

Hericium erinaceus (Coral Mushroom) - Edible

Phallus raveneli - Looks like a penis

Front 89

environmental characteristics of Zygomycota

Back 89

Mostly terrestrial, on soil or detritus

are named for their sexually produced zygosporangia

Exp: Rhizopus

Front 90

Are Zygomycota parasitic or mutualist to the root of plant

Back 90

Mycorrhizae are mutualists on plant roots

Coenocytic hyphae, except where reproductive cells are formed

Front 91

What Phylum of fungi is extremely resistant to harsh environment ?

Back 91

Zygosporangia are extremely resistant to environmental conditions (this is why sometimes baked bread does not kill the molds in the bread)

Front 92

What 2 Phylums are not considered monopheletic

Back 92

zygomycota (zygomycetes) and chytridiomycota (Chytrids) are not considered monopheletic

Front 93

How is Fungi classified

Back 93

eukaryotic

they have a nuclei & membrane-bound organelles

Front 94

Reasons Fungi Are Different From Plants

Back 94

fungi lack chlorophyll

fungi are not photosynthetic

they never reproduce by seeds

most fungi have cell walls made

of chitin... Except molds

•Plant cell walls are made of what?

cellulose

Front 95

What does the cell wall of molds made up of?

Back 95

molds have cell walls made of cellulose...like plants

Front 96

Rhizoids

Back 96

hyphae of bread mold that digest bread

Front 97

What two phylum have lichen

Back 97

ascomycetes, sometimes basidiomycetes

Front 98

Deuteromycota

Back 98

Imperfect fungi

cause most fungal diseases in humans

EX: ringworm, athletes foot, thrush

Front 99

What 2 types of fungi are mycorrhizae

Back 99

Ascomycota , Basidiomycota

Front 100

How are mycorrhizae fed?

Back 100

Hyphae penetrate roots and sometimes even cells Aid plant in mineral uptake, receive organic molecules in return

Front 101

Ectomycorrhizae

Back 101

Outside of roots

Front 102

Endomycorrhizae

Back 102

Inside of roots