Chld 252 - Exam 1 - Chapter 2

Front 1

Strands of deoxyribonucleic acid molecules that contain the genetic codes are called

Back 1

chromosomes

Front 2

Chromosomes are strands of ________ molecules

Back 2

DNA

Front 3

Two strands of molecules that twist around each other like a spiral staircase is called

Back 3

DNA

Front 4

The "stairs" of DNA molecules are made of

Back 4

both A and B - nucleotide bases - adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

Front 5

The statement "adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine always pairs with cytosine" refers to the pairing of

Back 5

nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule

Front 6

If a strand of nucleotide base pairs follows the sequence of C, T, G, G, A, you know that its complementary sequence on the other strand will be

Back 6

G, A, C, C, T

Front 7

________ is a segment of DNA that provides an instruction for a particular structure, function, or trait

Back 7

A gene

Front 8

The Human Genome Project has already made it possible to do which of the following

Back 8

allow parents to select the sex of their children

Front 9

Which of the following is NOT a disorder discussed in your text as being linked to a certain gene location

Back 9

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Front 10

Which of the following is NOT a moral question that has arisen due to the work of the Human Genome Project?

Back 10

Should certain individuals choose to become parents

Front 11

A type of gene that operates in pairs across matched chromosomes is called

Back 11

an allele

Front 12

Research has uncovered that about half of the parents surveyed who had utilized an artificial insemination technique said that they

Back 12

planned to tell their children the truth about how they were conceived

Front 13

All of the following are examples of alternative techniques for conception EXCEPT

Back 13

nucleotide mapping

Front 14

When sperm are collected from the father and then injected into the mother's reproductive system, this is called

Back 14

artificial insemination

Front 15

________ occurs when embryos, that had originally developed in a petri dish, are placed in the mother's uterus for further development.

Back 15

In vitro fertilization

Front 16

________ occurs when collected eggs and sperm and injected into the fallopian tube of the mother for fertilization and further development.

Back 16

Assisted in vivo fertilization

Front 17

The term used to refer to a fertilized egg cell that has begun to divide is

Back 17

a zygote

Front 18

Which of the following is the term for cell division that is also known as "copy division"?

Back 18

mitosis

Front 19

Which of the following is the term for cell division that is also known as "reduction division"?

Back 19

meiosis

Front 20

A gamete is

Back 20

a sex cell containing half the number of chromosomes as a regular cell

Front 21

Sperm and egg cells are formed during

Back 21

meiosis

Front 22

The process of fertilization creates one cell with

Back 22

46 chromosomes

Front 23

The process of crossing-over

Back 23

insures variability among the genetic codes of siblings

Front 24

Alicia and Kenny are fraternal twins. Patty and Penelope are sisters born four years apart. Which of these two pairs of siblings is most similar genetically?

Back 24

The fraternal twins and the sisters are equal in genetic similarity

Front 25

________ are the type of twins formed when one zygote divided to make two zygotes

Back 25

Monozygotic twins

Front 26

________ are the type of twins formed when two eggs are fertilized by two different sperm cells

Back 26

Dizygotic twins

Front 27

Which of the following statements regarding dizygotic twins is FALSE?

Back 27

DZ twins must have different fathers

Front 28

Your new friend, Alex, wants you to meet his twin sister, Alexis. You immediately recognize that Alex is probably a(n)

Back 28

fraternal twin

Front 29

An individual whose 23rd pair of chromosomes is XY

Back 29

is a genetic male

Front 30

An individual's sex is determined by

Back 30

the 23rd pair of chromosomes

Front 31

Females can only pass ________ to their eggs

Back 31

the X chromosome

Front 32

The sex of the offspring depends on

Back 32

whether the father contributes an X or Y chromosome

Front 33

The relationship between genes in which the dominant allele will govern a particular trait and the recessive allele will be repressed is called the

Back 33

dominant-recessive relationship

Front 34

The gene for Huntington disease has been identified on

Back 34

chromosome 4

Front 35

All of the following traits are dominant traits EXCEPT

Back 35

inability to roll tongue

Front 36

Joanne's mother has arched feet and her father has flat feet. Joanne will probably have

Back 36

can't determine

Front 37

Which of the following statements about cystic fibrosis (CF) is FALSE?

Back 37

Cystic fibrosis is the most common dominant disease among Caucasians.

Front 38

Which of the following allele patterns would an individual need to carry in order to express cystic fibrosis, a receive gene disease, where C stands for a dominant allele and c stands for a recessive allele?

Back 38

cc

Front 39

Recessive traits are less common than dominant traits because usually

Back 39

both parents must either have the recessive trait or be a carrier in order for it to be inherited.

Front 40

Your son comes home from kindergarten talking about a very sick classmate who has "sticky blood that is funny-shaped." You wonder if this classmate might have

Back 40

sickle cell disease

Front 41

Which of the following statements regarding Tay-Sachs disease is TRUE?

Back 41

People with Tay-Sachs do not live to reproductive age

Front 42

Relative to females, males are much more likely to suffer from classic hemophilia because

Back 42

when males inherit the recessive hemophilia gene on their X chromosomes, their Y chromosomes do not have a corresponding dominant gene to mask the disease.

Front 43

X-linked recessive traits are

Back 43

more common among males than females.

Front 44

Fragile X syndrome is caused by

Back 44

the X chromosome being weakened at the tip.

Front 45

Which of the following is NOT an example of an X-linked recessive trait?

Back 45

rickets

Front 46

Which of the following is an example of an X-linked recessive trait?

Back 46

retinitis pigmentosa

Front 47

The number one inherited cause of mental retardation among males is

Back 47

Down Syndrome

Front 48

Trisomy 21 is another name for

Back 48

Down syndrome

Front 49

Which of the following statements concerning Down Syndrome is FALSE?

Back 49

In Down Syndrome there is a defective gene on the X chromosome.

Front 50

With the exception of trisomy 21, having an extra chromosome usually leads to

Back 50

both A and B - pregnancy loss & death during the first few months of life

Front 51

Which of the following sex chromosome abnormalities leads to a child who will be infertile

Back 51

Klinefelter syndrome

Front 52

Turner syndrome results in all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

Back 52

that individuals remain fertile

Front 53

Your middle-school aged daughter describes a new female classmate as "different." She tells you that this classmate is quite short, but has broad shoulders and a webbed neck. She also says that this classmate is clumsy in gym class, slow in geometry, but okay in English. Of the following, which is most likely to be true?

Back 53

Your daughter's new classmate has Turner's syndrome.

Front 54

Your teenage son describes a new male classmate as "pretty weird." He tells you that this classmate "looks more like a girl than a boy" because he's not growing facial hair like other boys. He also says that the classmate seems to have difficulties reading and that a lot of kids don't like him. Of the following, which is most likely to be true?

Back 54

Your son's new classmate has Klinefelter syndrome

Front 55

Which of the following procedures is NOT commonly utilized to detect genetic diseases during pregnancy?

Back 55

positron emission tomography

Front 56

An instrument that sends sound waves into the mother's abdomen to produce an image of the fetus is called

Back 56

ultrasonography

Front 57

A procedure used to detect genetic abnormalities in a fetus by extracting fetal cells from the amniotic fluid is called

Back 57

amniocentesis

Front 58

Your doctor explains that at your next appointment a technician will use an instrument that sends sounds waves through the abdomen to produce an image of internal structures. This technique is referred to as

Back 58

ultrasonography

Front 59

When technicians remove the chromosomes from fetal cells that are collected during an amniocentesis, they arrange them by size to form a picture called

Back 59

a karyotype

Front 60

Amniocentesis can be conducted after

Back 60

the 14th week of pregnancy

Front 61

All of the following are possible complications of amniocentesis EXCEPT

Back 61

changing the sex of the baby

Front 62

Chorionic villus sampling works because the chorionic villus

Back 62

originates from the zygote, so the chromosomes and genetic codes are the same as those in the fetus.

Front 63

The procedure used to detect chromosomal and genetic abnormalities in the fetus by removing cells from a layer of the placenta is called

Back 63

an fMRI

Front 64

Toby was exposed to lead paint in his home when he was very young. If this exposure to a toxic chemical impacts his development, the impact would be due to ________ causes.

Back 64

environmental

Front 65

The GxE interaction refers to the ways in which

Back 65

nature combines with nurture to produce a given outcome.

Front 66

The "GxE interaction" describes how development is influenced by the interaction of

Back 66

nature and nurture

Front 67

The genetic code that a person inherits is called

Back 67

a genotype

Front 68

________ is the observable trait that a child shows.

Back 68

A phenotype

Front 69

The range of possible phenotypes that exist for a particular genotype is called

Back 69

a range of reaction

Front 70

Which of the following statements regarding the concept of reaction range is TRUE?

Back 70

Reaction range is a theoretical concept that is helpful in understanding how genes and environment interact.

Front 71

________ is the genetic limits on the effects of the environment

Back 71

Canalization

Front 72

Which of the following concepts places the heaviest emphasis on genetic determinism

Back 72

canalization

Front 73

Which of the following is the BEST example of canalization?

Back 73

Regardless of when they are born, all human infants smile at exactly forty weeks after their conception

Front 74

Genetic determinism is a theory that states that

Back 74

environmental conditions must be strong to change an individual's developmental path.

Front 75

Until about one year of age, infants respond similarly to the basic sounds used in all languages. After that, they can detect subtle differences in language sounds only in their native language. Which of the following theories best supports this phenomenon?

Back 75

experiential canalization

Front 76

During infancy, genes primarily operate in a ________ manner

Back 76

passive

Front 77

When genetics play an "evocative" role in development, this means that the child's genetic tendencies

Back 77

bring about certain responses from parents and others.

Front 78

________ is the tendency to pick activities and environments that fit with our genetic

Back 78

Niche-picking

Front 79

Fifteen-year-old Jacob loves blue-grass music. He bought himself a used banjo with money he saved and regularly plays music with a local band. He keeps in contact with other musicians through the Internet and plans to move to Nashville when he graduates from high school. Jacob's behavior illustrates the

Back 79

both A and B. - concept of niche-picking & active role of his genetic code.

Front 80

When Fred was a toddler, he began to scribble intensely with his crayons on every piece of scrap paper he was given. His parents thought that Fred showed a lot of aptitude as an artist and encouraged him to keep "drawing" by buying him paint sets, art books, and other artistic gifts for every birthday and holiday. Fred's parents response to his early behavior illustrates the

Back 80

evocative role of his genetic code

Front 81

________ is the likelihood that specific environmental conditions will activate specific genes that lead to particular traits or behavioral outcomes.

Back 81

Probabilistic epigenesis

Front 82

Which of the following statements regarding probabilistic epigenesis is FALSE?

Back 82

Environmental changes can cause the activation of genes that are normally dormant

Front 83

Which of the following is an example given in your text of behavioral evolution as a result of probabilistic epigenesis?

Back 83

birds developing teeth

Front 84

Heritability means

Back 84

the degree of genetic influence on a given trait

Front 85

Which of the following statements regarding heritability estimates is FALSE?

Back 85

Higher values of heritability estimates indicate stronger environmental influence

Front 86

Which of the following heritability estimates indicates the strongest genetic influence?

Back 86

Heritability estimate for height is .90.

Front 87

Heritability estimates can range from:

Back 87

0 to +1.0

Front 88

Shared environment means

Back 88

experiences of the environment that are common to all individuals who are living together.

Front 89

Nonshared environment means

Back 89

experiences of the environment that differ across people

Front 90

Jack and Jill are siblings being raised in a very active household. The family attends many sporting events and participates in a wide range of athletic activities. Which of the following would be the BEST example of a non-shared environment?

Back 90

Jack, a Special Olympian with Down Syndrome, needs certain accommodations to participate in family sporting activities.

Front 91

Twin studies make comparisons between the measurements of

Back 91

identical twins and nonidentical twins.

Front 92

Adoption studies estimate the genetic contribution to a given trait by studying

Back 92

adopted children, their biological family, and their adoptive parents

Front 93

One of the primary reasons that behavior geneticists study twins is because twins are

Back 93

more genetically similar than other biological siblings

Front 94

Imagine for a moment that a researcher measures a specific psychological characteristic (SPC) in pairs of siblings who are being reared together. She finds a correlation of .15 between pairs of adopted siblings who are biologically unrelated, a correlation of .63 for fraternal twins, and a correlation of .92 for identical twins. These results suggest that

Back 94

relative to the influence of genetics, the environment contributes relatively little to variability in the SPC

Front 95

Sally is participating in an adoption study. Sally was adopted when she was seven months old. Her biological family could be characterized as Caucasian, middle-class, from an urban setting in the northeastern United States. She was placed with an adoptive family that could be characterized as being Caucasian, middle-class, from an urban setting in the northeastern United States. Sally's adoption presents what potential problem for the researchers of the adoption study?

Back 95

selective placement

Front 96

________ is the assumption in twin studies that the environment for identical twins is the same as nonidentical twins.

Back 96

Equal environments

Front 97

In terms of heritability estimates for certain traits and characteristics, which of the following traits is NOT considered to be a characteristic of temperament?

Back 97

processing speed

Front 98

The most extensively studied behavioral trait is

Back 98

intelligence.

Front 99

________ is a child's activity level and pattern of response to stimulation.

Back 99

Temperament

Front 100

Which of the following traits is NOT characterized as a aspect of temperament

Back 100

intelligence