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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Isotopes |
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons and different masses |
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Orbital |
A region around the nucleus that can hold up to two electrons with opposite spins |
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◻ block element |
Element which has the highest energy electron in a ◻ sub shell |
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Relative atomic mass |
The weighted mean mass of an atom of an element compared to 1/12 of a C12 atom |
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Empirical formula |
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound |
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Ionic bond |
Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions |
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Covalent bond |
Strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms |
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Dative (coordinate) bond |
Strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms, where only one atom supplies both electrons shared |
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Electronegativity |
The ability of an atom to attract the bonding pair of electrons toward itself in a covalent bond |
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Metallic bonding |
Strong electrostatic attraction between metal cations and a lattice of delocalised electrons |
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Electron pair repulsion theory |
• Shape of covalent molecules are determined by the number and type of electron pairs around the central atom •Electron pairs repel each other as far as possible •Lone pairs repel more |
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Exothermic reaction |
A reaction where heat energy is released to the surroundings (making bonds) |
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Average bond enthalpy |
Average enthalpy change for the breaking of one mole of bonds in gaseous molecules by homolytic fission |
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Standard conditions |
25°C, 1 atm and 1.00 moldm³ |
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Enthalpy change of neutralisation |
The enthalpy change that accompanies the formation of one mole of water in neutralisation under standard conditions |
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Enthalpy change of formation |
The enthalpy change for the formation of one mole of a compound from its elements in their standard states under standard conditions |
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Enthalpy change of condensation |
Enthalpy change for one mole of a substance to completely combust under standard conditions in which all reagents and reactants are in their standard states |
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Acid |
Proton donor |
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Base |
Proton acceptor |
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Alkali |
A base that dissolves in water and releases OH- ions in aqueous solution |
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Salt |
A compound produced when a H+ ion from an acid is replaced by a cation |
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Strong acid |
A proton donor which completely dissociates into its ions in solution |
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Oxidation number |
A measure of the number of electrons that an atom uses to bond with atoms of another element |
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Oxidising agent |
A reagent which oxidises another species by gaining electrons (reduces itself) |
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Reducing agent |
A reagent which reduces another species by losing electrons (oxidises itself) |
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Homologous series |
A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but each successive member differing by CH² |
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Structural isomers |
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae |
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Stereoisomers |
Compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of atoms in space |
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E/Z isomerism |
Stereoisomerism in which there is restricted rotation around a C=C double bond, and each carbon on the double bond has two different groups attached to it E - highest priority groups are on opposite sides Z - highest priority groups are on the same side |
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Cis/Trans isomerism |
Stereoisomerism in which two of the substituent groups attached to each carbon on the C=C groups are the same (usually H atom) Trans - different sides Cis - same sides |
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Radical |
A species with an unpaired electron |
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Electrophile |
Electron pair acceptor |
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Nucleophile |
Electron pair donor |
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Sigma bond |
Single overlap of orbital directly between bonding atoms, allowing free rotation of the bond |
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Pi bond |
Double sideways overlap of adjacent p orbitals above and below the plane of the bonding atoms, with restricted rotation of the bond |
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Biodegradable polymer |
A polymer that breaks down completely into CO² and H²O |
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Degradable polymer |
A polymer that breaks down into smaller fragments when exposed to light, heat or moisture |
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General formula |
Simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series |
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Functional group |
A group of atoms within a molecule responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound |
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Aliphatic |
Compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings |
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Dehyration |
A reaction where a H²O molecule is removed from a saturated molecule to form an unsaturated molecule |
