Chapters 5 And 7

Front 1

Another name for classical conditioning is

Back 1

Pavlovian Conditioning

Front 2

Classical conditioning occurs when 2 stimuli a _________ stimulus and a _________ stimulus are paired.

Back 2

neutral stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Front 3

A neutral stimulus becomes a ________ stimulus during the acquisition process.

Back 3

conditioned stimulus

Front 4

The conditioned response is strengthened if the _________ and _________ are paired frequently.

Back 4

conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Front 5

What was the CS in the Case of Little Albert?

Back 5

The rat

Front 6

Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning?

Back 6

Classical Conditioning

Front 7

Which of these illustrates a UR?
a) large ice cream sundae
b) your favorite ice cream shop
c) salivation when you taste an ice cream sundae
d) salivation when you see your favorite ice cream shop

Back 7

salivation when you see your favorite ice cream shop

Front 8

Spontaneous recover of the CR occurs when

Back 8

Time is allowed to pass between extinction sessions

Front 9

Previous trials of a CS-US pairing can _______ the effectiveness of a second CS.

Back 9

block

Front 10

_________ occurs when CRs are elicited by stimuli that are similar to the CS

Back 10

Generalization

Front 11

Rats can learn to play basketball through a process called

Back 11

shaping

Front 12

Extinction in operant conditioning is different from extinction in classical conditioning because in classical conditioning

Back 12

in classical conditioning, extinction occurs when repeated presentation of the CS alone leads to a reduction in the strength of a CR

Front 13

Extinction in operant conditioning occurs when

Back 13

a behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer

Front 14

The "open" sign on businesses and restaurants is a __________ __________ signaling that the door handle will be reinforced by being able to enter the store.

Back 14

discriminative stimulus

Front 15

Operant conditioning occurs when an organism performs a target response that is followed by a

Back 15

reinforcer

Front 16

___________ ____________ are presented after the target response has been made.

Back 16

Positive reinforcers

Front 17

Psychologists can keep track of the rate of responding by using a

Back 17

cumulative record

Front 18

________ result in suppression of a target behavior.

Back 18

Punishers

Front 19

Indicate whether a positive or negative reinforcer is being used. A child digs through a new box of cereal to get a prize.

Back 19

Positive reinforcer

Front 20

Indicate whether a positive or negative reinforcer is being used. A rat presses a bar to turn of electric foot shock.

Back 20

Negative reinforcer

Front 21

Indicate whether a positive or negative reinforcer is being used. A teenager pretends to be sick in order to receive extra attention.

Back 21

Positive reinforcer

Front 22

In which type of conditioning is the learner's behavior important in bringing about the learning?

Back 22

operant conditioning

Front 23

What is the graph that shows the pattern of a rat's responding in a Skinner box?

Back 23

cumulative record

Front 24

The effect of __________ is to decrease the likelihood or rate of a target response.

Back 24

punishment

Front 25

What is the partial reinforcement effect?

Back 25

Extinction after partial reinforcement is more difficult.

Front 26

What two opposing processes are involved in creating discriminative stimuli?

Back 26

discrimination and generalization

Front 27

Identify whether positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, or punishment is illustrated. A child snaps her fingers until her teacher calls on her.

Back 27

Negative Reinforcement

Front 28

Identify whether positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, or punishment is illustrated. A dog is banished to his doghouse after soiling the living room carpet.

Back 28

Punishment

Front 29

Identify whether positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, or punishment is illustrated. A woman watching a football game offers her child candy to play quietly.

Back 29

Positive Reinforcement

Front 30

Identify the reinforcement schedule illustrated in the following. Signaling with your thumb while hitchhiking.

Back 30

Variable Ratio

Front 31

Playing Bingo

Back 31

Variable Ratio

Front 32

Concern has been raised about violence in television and films because of research evidence about

Back 32

modeling

Front 33

When Tolman ran rats through mazes, what phenomenon did he discover that has influenced conceptions of learning?

Back 33

There was evidence that the rats had formed a cognitive map of the mazes that yielded evidence of learning when they were reinforced.

Front 34

What is another common name for the approach that Albert Bandura described in his famous research involving Bobo dolls?

Back 34

modeling

Front 35

Evidence offered by Wolfgang Kohler supported the existence of

Back 35

insight learning

Front 36

When we try to recall a list of items, we tend to recall items at the beginning more clearly than those in the middle. This is called the

Back 36

primacy effect

Front 37

When we try to recall a list of items, we tend to recall items at the end more clearly than those in the middle. This is called the

Back 37

recency effect

Front 38

You attempt to remember a phone number by repeating it over and over to yourself. What type of rehearsal are you using?

Back 38

maintenance

Front 39

Some memory loss occurs due to fading or decay; much memory loss appears to be due to

Back 39

interference

Front 40

Once he had learned the list of items, Kevin's task is to reproduce them in the order in which they were presented. What term do psychologists use for this procedure for measuring memory?

Back 40

serial learning

Front 41

Picking a suspect out of a police lineup is an example of

Back 41

recognition

Front 42

Ted recently moved from New York to Denver, and now he has a new telephone number. When people ask him for his new telephone number, the number he recalls is the old number. What psychological phenomenon is occurring here?

Back 42

interference

Front 43

________ ________ occurs when after stimulation a visual image persists longer than normal.

Back 43

Eidetic imagery (photographic memory)

Front 44

_______ ________ occurs when old material interferes with the retrieval of material learned more recently.

Back 44

Proactive interference

Front 45

_______ _______ occurs when recently learned material interferes with the retrieval of material learned earlier.

Back 45

Retroactive interference

Front 46

Psychologists have proposed four types of long term memory; all four can fit into two major categories: _______ and _______.

Back 46

explicit and implicit

Front 47

The _______ ________ _______ phenomenon has been used to study the network of semantic memories.

Back 47

tip-of-the-tongue (TOT)

Front 48

Which memory system provides a very brief image of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?

Back 48

sensory memory

Front 49

______ _______ has provided information about episodic memory.

Back 49

Flashbulb memories

Front 50

__________ ___________ has a great deal to do with the ease with which a memory is retrieved.

Back 50

Encoding specificity

Front 51

Encoding specificity appears to be at work in

Back 51

state-dependent learning

Front 52

________ are clusters of knowledge or typical ways of thinking about things.

Back 52

Schemas

Front 53

Our memory can be improved by using a _______ _______ such as imagery.

Back 53

mnemonic device

Front 54

Name 2 popular mnemonic devices.

Back 54

method of loci; pegword technique

Front 55

_________ are words formed by the first letter(s) of the items to be remembered.

Back 55

acronyms

Front 56

_________ are a verse or saying in which the first letter(s) of each word stands for a bit of information.

Back 56

acrostics

Front 57

Physical trauma may result in a loss of memory known as

Back 57

amnesia

Front 58

_________ _________ occurs when memories for events that happened before the traumatic event are lost.

Back 58

Retrograde amnesia

Front 59

________ ________ occurs when new information can not be stored, although old memories remain intact.

Back 59

Anterograde amnesia

Front 60

Which method is involved when a grade-school teacher asks her students to list the 50 states in the U.S. in no particular order?

Back 60

free recall

Front 61

What is semantic memory?

Back 61

Memory for general knowledge

Front 62

What is episodic memory?

Back 62

Memory of one's personal experiences

Front 63

What is a semantic network?

Back 63

A network of related concepts that are linked together

Front 64

What is encoding specificity?

Back 64

A theory stating that the effectiveness of memory retrieval is directly related to the similarity of the cues present when the memory was encoded and when it was retrieved.

Front 65

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?

Back 65

neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

Front 66

What is state-dependent learning?

Back 66

Theory stating that when we learn something while in a specific physiological state, our recall of that information will be better when we are in the same physiological state.

Front 67

What type of stimuli did Hermann Ebbinghaus use in his memory research?

Back 67

nonsense syllables

Front 68

What is the consolidation hypothesis?

Back 68

A hypothesis that memories must be consolidated or set before they can be stored.

Front 69

How does the Craik-Lockhart model of memory differ from the traditional model of memory?

Back 69

The first model hypothesizes only one type of memory but different level of information processing.

Front 70

A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is __________ and thus __________ the probability of a response.

Back 70

removed; increases

Front 71

What is the most important question for Craik and Lockhart's view of memory?

Back 71

How do we process information?

Front 72

Which aspect of golf involves procedural memory?

Back 72

recalling how to swing a golf club

Front 73

The TOT phenomenon is to semantic memory as flashbulb memories are to

Back 73

episodic memory

Front 74

Which of the following illustrates a schema?

Back 74

your knowledge about going to a play

Front 75

How were psychologists able to implant false memories of a childhood experience of being lost in a mall?

Back 75

They collected real memories from family members and asked individuals for their memories of the true memories along with the memory they sought to implant.

Front 76

Psychologists who speak of working memory are referring to a second stage of

Back 76

short-term memory

Front 77

What technique did ancient Greek orators use to remember speeches?

Back 77

method of loci

Front 78

Loss of memory owing to a physical trauma is known as

Back 78

amnesia

Front 79

After a serious car accident, John cannot remember driving in the rain. Nor can he recall skidding and plowing into a truck. This deficit is an example of

Back 79

retrograde amnesia

Front 80

A soldier was injured when a mortar exploded next to him. Although he recovered from his
wounds, he is not able to recall information from years ago. What term is used to describe this soldier's condition?

Back 80

retrograde amnesia

Front 81

One experiment had participants learn a list of words under water (they wore scuba gear). Based on the principle of state-dependent learning, what results would you predict for this study?

Back 81

participants recalled more words when tested under water

Front 82

What is a major problem with eyewitness testimony?

Back 82

memories of details can be altered while in short-term memory

Front 83

Memories of the events of 9/11 as well as Hurricane Katrina and the Asian tsunami of 2005 are likely to be examples of what type of memory

Back 83

flashbulb memory

Front 84

Which type of memory is concerned with remembering the day your parents bought you a car?

Back 84

episodic memory

Front 85

What do you use if you think of a penny to remember who wrote the Gettysburg Address (Abraham Lincoln) for your history class?

Back 85

mnemonic device

Front 86

What two types of rehearsal are used to move information from short-term to long-term memory?

Back 86

elaborative and maintenance

Front 87

Which memory storage system seems to last indefinitely?

Back 87

long-term memory

Front 88

What stage of memory often follows the initial 10 to 20 seconds of short-term memory?

Back 88

working memory

Front 89

How many items can we hold in short-term memory at any one time?

Back 89

seven plus or minus two

Front 90

Why does the information processing model of memory "fall short"?

Back 90

We have more than one type of memory to store.

Front 91

How long does information remain in short-term memory if it is not rehearsed?

Back 91

10 to 20 seconds

Front 92

What are the components of the information processing model, in order?

Back 92

encoding, storage, retrieval

Front 93

Which model of memory is inspired by the operation of computers?

Back 93

information processing

Front 94

Which is the correct sequence of events in classical conditioning?

Back 94

CS --> UCS --> UCR . . . . . CS --> CR

Front 95

Last month Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced

Back 95

taste-aversion learning.

Front 96

A positive reinforcer is a stimulus that is __________ and thus __________ the probability of a response.

Back 96

presented; increases

Front 97

What method are you using when you learn a list of items in a particular order?

Back 97

serial learning

Front 98

Six-year-old Danny has been hitting his head against the wall. As soon as he does this, his parents rush to comfort and hold him. A psychologist spent some time observing Danny and his parents in their home. After these observations, how might the psychologist explain the head banging?

Back 98

The parents' attention reinforces the head banging.

Front 99

Which of these is the best example of the Premack principle?

Back 99

First you complete your homework, then you can play.

Front 100

Which schedule of reinforcement depends on the number of responses the organism makes?

Back 100

ratio