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251 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is psychology
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human mind and behaviors, scientific study of our emotions, what we do
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order
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lawful relationships among events, order is important to our progress
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determinism
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every event has a physical, potentially measureable cause
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skepticism
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doubts all claims not supported by solid research evidence
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accuracy
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evaluate info as carefully as possible
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objectivity
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free of bias
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open mindedness
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willingness to change
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what are the 4 basic goals of scientific research?
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1. Description 2. Prediction 3. Control 4. Explanation
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Description
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citing of absercable characteristics ( systematic, only cite relevant data)
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Prediction
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hypothesis and theories about human behavior; more accurate in regard to people in general than to a specific person
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Control
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manipulating factors that affect thought and behavior
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Explanation
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Causes; reasons why; all time goal of psychology
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Precise
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concrete descriptions/measuremtn (use of numbers, numbers make it easier to do)
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Alien - limb
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people believe certain body parts dont belong to their body
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operational definitions
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definitions interms of the procedures used to measure or produce; example: blood alcohol content of .08 or above
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Hypothesis
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testable prediction about relationship between 2 or more ; the more parents interact the better kids do
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theory
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statement that summarize/explains research findings and from which hypthesis are derived; ex: how parents affect how kids achieve
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experimental control
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in research, controlling as many factors as possible to research
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everyday control
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application of research finding to control of behavior
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what is the difference between experimental and everyday control?
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applying finding of research to everyday
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Scientific Method
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a series of steps we undertake to answer questions to come up with a plausable explanation
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rationale
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review relevant literature; 1. identify area
2. Review past research:finding out how things have been done in the past |
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review past research:
a.? b? c? d? |
a. operational definitions
b. aviod needless replication c. put research into broader context d. expose to other theories |
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What are the steps of the Scientific Method?
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1. rationale 2. develope hypothesis 3. design study and collect data 4. analyze data 5. publish replicate
6. build theory |
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analyzing data consists of ___________
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1. reduce to where you can spread data out
2. statistics |
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Statistics
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discuss implications of research findings ( descriptive and informitable statistics)
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Descriptive statistics
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summarize data, mean, variablilty ( how to spread out data points)
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Informitable statistics
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compare groups
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replicate study
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done to make sure facts are true, done with systematice variation of relevant variables; get deeper into the experiment
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descriptive research
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systematic observations; NO CAUSATION OR PREDICTION
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Naturalistic observation
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participants are studied in their natural environment; people cant know their being observed; Hawthorne effect
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Ethnographic research
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cross cultural; researcher spends alot of time with subject, usually living with them
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Archival research
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look at historical trend; use the past
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case studies
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usually 1 person or possible small group
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Correlation research
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used when a researcher wants to predict one variable from another; cannot introduce variable for ethical and logistical reasons
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correlation coefficient
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degree of relationship because two or more variables
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Positive correlation coefficient
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2 variables change in same direction; one increases so does the other and vice versa
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Negative correlation coefficient
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the variables change in opposite ways one goes up the other goes down
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range
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zero to absolute 1.00; zero absolute no correlation; 1 is perfect correlation
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experimental research
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casual relationship between two variables
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representative sample
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accurately reflects characteristics of population
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random sample
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each participant in population is equally likely to be chosen
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convenience samples
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whoever is on hand
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independent variable
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IV, manipulated by experimenter
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dependent variable
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DV, shows any effects of IV
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experimental groups
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exposed to independent varibale
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control group
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not exposed to independent variable
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extraneous variable
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AKA confounding variable - anything other than IV that causes changes in DV
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experimental bias
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accidentally signal to participant how they are expected to respond
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double blind design
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neither the individuals nor the researchers know who belongs to the control group and the experimental group
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ethnocentrism
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same stimulus may mean very different things to people in different culture
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participant expectancy effects
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when the participant reacts based on what they think the experiment should be like instaed of how they actually feel
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participant bias
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AKA social desirability response, everyone wants to present themselves in a positve way but may be lying to you
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lesions
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damaged areas of brain
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What biological research happened in the mid 1800's?
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discovered the way to find what different parts of the brain does is to damage that part of the brain
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What are the two ethical considerations?>
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informed consent and voluntary consent
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debreifing
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tell real reason for experiment when finished
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functionalism
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functions of behavior in enabling people/animals to adapt to environment
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natural selection
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environment "selectS" those who possess some characteristic that contributes to survival
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survival of the fittest
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adaptive "survive" in sense of successfully passing on genes
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We inherit _____ NOT specific behaviors!
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tendencies
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____ is head of the functionalism movement
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William James
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Psychoanalysis
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Sigmund Freud; humans are motivated mainly by violent sexual drives.
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theoretical behaviorism
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environment is primary determinant of thought and behavior
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methodologial behaviorism
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subject matter of psychology should be restricted exclusively to environmental inputs and obersvable responses
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Gestalt psychology
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can't study perception by breaking it down into its structural parts - had to look at experience as a whole
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Wertheimer
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we often experience things that are not a part of our simple sensations; discovered phi phenomenon
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phi phenomenon
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an optical illusion in which stationary objects shown in rapid succession, transcending the threshold at which they can be perceived separately, appear to move
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Who was phineas gage?
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1st patient to show relation between personality and frontal lobes. Sept 13, 1848 a tamping rod was shot through his skull. He stayed conscious. Before he was capable worker and nice person. After he was rude profane irritable. fairly typical for someone with damage to frontal lobes
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Neuroscience
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how biological processes relate to behaviors and mental processes
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the central nervous system
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brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
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nerves that connect brain and spinal cord
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Two parts of the peripheral system ?
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somatic and autonomic
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somatic nervous system
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transmits info about body movements/ external environment; VOLUNTARY
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autonomic nervous system
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transmits information to and from internal organs/glands
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Two parts of the autonomic nervous system?
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sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
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sympathetic nervous system
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get body ready for action and output of energy; ACCELERATOR
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parasympathetic nervous system
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slows body down, conserving energy; BRAKES
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Neurons
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AKA nerve cells- communicate information in brain and throughout body
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cell body
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soma; contains nucleus- helps neuron carry out its functions
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dendrites
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branch like extensions of cell body - receive information from other cells
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axon
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long extension from cell body that conveys information towards other neurons or muscles and glands
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myelin sheath
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white fatty coating, insulates and increases speed of transmissions
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terminal buttons
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send signals from a neuron to adjacent cells
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synapse
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connections between neurons
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synaptic cleft
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space between two neurons
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glial cells
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support and nourish neurons
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presynaptic neuron
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neuron SENDING an impulse
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postsynaptic neuron
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neuron RECEIVING the impulse
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neurotransmitters
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chemical produced and released by neurons that cause changes in other neurons
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receptors
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protein molecule in the postsynaptic neuron
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cerebral cortex
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outer surface of two cerebral hemispheres that regulates most complex behaviors
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convolutions
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folds of the cerebral cortex
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primary somatosensory cortex
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receives sensory messages from entire body
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primary motor cortex
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sends messages from brain to various muscles and glands of body
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what are the lobes of the brain?
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occipital, temporal, parietal, frontal, lateral prefrontal cortex
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occipital
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receives and processes visual information
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temporal
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complex visual tasks; information from ear; balance; emotions and motivations; language
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parietal
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sensory information from all over the body; oversees spatial abilities
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frontal
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receives and coordinates messages from the other three lobes. previous and future body movements; judgement/ personality
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lateral prefrontal cortex
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problem solving and seeing consequences of your actions
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behavioral genetics
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explores the impact of genetics and environmental factors on different in the behaviors, biological, and psychological processes of groups. NOT INDIVIDUALS!
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What are the 3 methods of studying behavioral genetics?
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Twin, Adoption, and family
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concordance rates
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agreement between twins on a characteristic
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adoption studies
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focus on children who were adopted at birth and brought up by parents not genetically related to them
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family studies
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if genes influence a trait close relatives should share that trait more often than distant relatives because close relatives have more genes incommon
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health psychology
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relationship between psychological behavior and physcial health and illness
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stress
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how body responds to any number of physcial or emotional stimuli
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eustress
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pleasant or curative stress
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distress
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unpleseant or disease producing stress
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What are the sources of stress?
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1. life changes 2. chronic stressors 3. hassels and burnout 4. frustration 5. conflicts
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life changes
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adjustment can cause stress
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chronic stressors
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ongoing, continuous pressures, when urge to fight or flight has been suppressed
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hassles
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minor irritating incidents that occur everyday (weather traffic)
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burnout
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physical emotional and mental exhaustion attributable to long term involvment in emotionally demanding situations ( fatigue, loss of idealism/energy, emotional numbness, etc)
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frustration
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unpleasant tension, anxiety, and heightened sympathetic resulting from a blocked goal
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five types of frustration - Morris
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delays, lack of resources, losses, failure, discrimination
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conflicts
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having to choose between two or more incompatible goals or impulses
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what are the 3 types of conflicts?
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approach, aviodance, and approach/avoidance
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approach conflict
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occurs when a person has to choose between two equally pleasureable alternatives
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aviodance
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results when neither choice is pleasureable
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approach aviodance
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when a person has to make a chioce that is both positive and negative
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general adaptation syndrome
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(Hans Selye)- body responds to stressful conditions with a general adaptation syndrome
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alarm reaction
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immediate reaction to a stressor
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stage of resistance
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body adapts to continual stressors
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stage of exhuastion
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body's resistance to stress may be gradually reduced or may collapse quickly
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personality type A
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impatient, hard driving, ambitious, competitive, and hostile (related to heart disease)
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personality type B
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more relaxed, easy-going, and less easily angered
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Hardiness
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Suzanne Kobasa- people who tolerate stress exceptionally well or seem to thrive on it
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what are the characteristics of hardiness
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open to change/ internall motivated/ deeply commited to work/ meaningful activity/ challenge / control
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resilience
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ability to "bounce back" from stressors
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post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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once called shell shock of battle fatigue syndrome
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What are the symptoms of PTSD
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intrusion, avoidance, and hyper arousal
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intrusion
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memories of truma reoccur unexpectedly "flash backs"
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aviodance
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person often avoids close emotional ties with family colleagues and friends; reminders of event; survivor's guilt
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hyper arousal
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PTSD can cause those who have it to act as they are constantly threatened by truama that caused their illness
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problem focused coping
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taking steps to change source of stress
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emotional focuesd coping
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efforts to change ones emotional response to stressor (denial)
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why do people start smoking in the first place?
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we start young, when were stupid and want to impress our friends and peers, (own personal sense of uniqueness). Once you begin smoking you quickly become addicted. The addictiveness of nicotine is comparable to herion and cocaine.
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Binge Drinking
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consuming 5 or more drinks in a row for boys and 4 or more for girls
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Alcohol
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a posion- you have to pace it in order to give the body time to process
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sensation
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receiveing, converting, and tranmitting information from outside world
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perception
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selecting, organizing, and interpreting raw sensory data into useful mental representations of world
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what happens through sensations?
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energy stimulates a receptor cell in a sense organ, the receptor cell sends a signal along sensory nerces to the appropriate area of the cerebral crotex
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receptor cell
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specialized cell that responds to a particular type of energy
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how does the brain distinguish between different types of stimuli?
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sensory messages enter brain on different channels; receptor cells are specialized to respond to only one form of energy
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absolute threshold
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minimum intesity of physical energy required to produce any sensation( how loud a sound needs to be to hear it)
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sensory adaptation
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adjustment of senses to level of stimulation they are receving
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difference threshold
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AKA just noticable difference- smallest change in stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time
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for both absolute and difference threshold to happen there must be
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ideal conditions
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retina
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lining of eye that contains receptor cells that are sensitive to light
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rods
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receptor cells in retina responsible for night vision and perception of brightness
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cones
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receptor ceells in retina responsible for color viosion
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fovea
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the area of retina that is center of visual field
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visual adaptation
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sensitivty of rods and cones changes accoriding to how much light is availble
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dark adaptation
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rods and cones become more sensitve to light in response to lowered levels of ilumination
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light adaptation
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rods and cones become less sensitve to light in response to increased levels of illuminations
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sound
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psychological experience created by brain in response to changes in air pressure that are received by auditory system
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sound waves
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changes in pressure caused when molecules of air of fluid collide with one another and then move apart again
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frequency
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number of cycles persecond in wave; in sound; primary determinant of pitch
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pitch
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auditory experience corresponding primarily to frequency of sound vibrations; resulting in higher or lower tones
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amplitude
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magnitude of a wave, primary determinatn of loudness
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timbre
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mixture of sound waves; helps differentiate one voice from another
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hearing undergoes _____ so that it can function optimally under a wide variety of conditions
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adaptation
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outer ear
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gathers, delivers sound to middle ear
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middle ear
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amplifies, concentrates sound
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inner ear
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receptor cells
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conduction deafness
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middle ear deafness; more common
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nerve deafness
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inner ear deafness
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olfactory epithelium
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mucus membrane containing smell receptors
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gustations
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to understand taste must be able to distinguish it from flavor; FLAVOR- a combo of taste and aroma
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____ is a combo of taste and smell
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flavor
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What are the newly discovered tastes?
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1. astringent 2. umami(delicious) responsible for tasting glutamates 3. ? our response to dietary fats( why we enjoy bacon cheese burgers)
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cross adaptation
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exposure to one taste can modify another taste
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kinesthetic senses
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muscle movement, posture, and strain on muscles and joints
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vestibular senses
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equilibrium and body position in space (oreintation in space)
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perceptual organization
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pertains to all senses; helps distinush whats what
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figure
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entity that stands apart from the background
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ground
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background against which a figure appears
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gestalt psychologists
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perception is more than the sum of its parts - perception is predictable
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perceptual constancy
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tendency to perceive objects as relatively stable unchanging despite changing in sensory information
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size constancy
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perception of object as same size regardless of distance from which it is viewed
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shape constancy
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see an object as the same shape no matter what angle it is viewed from
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color constancy
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perceive familiar objects as retaining their color despite changes in sensory information
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monocular cues
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visual cues requiring the use of one eye
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aerial perspective
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distant objects have a hazy apperance and a somewhat blurred outline
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testure gradient
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close object seems to have a rough or detailed texture
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linear perspective
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two parallel lines that extend into distance appear to come together at some point on horizon
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binocular cues
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visual cues requiring both eyes
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stereoscopic vision
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combination of 2 retinal images to give a 3 dimensional experience
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retinal disparity
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difference between images cast on two retinas when both eyes are focused on smae object
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convergence
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muscles controlling eye movement as eyes turn inward to view a nearby stimulus
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monaural cue
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requires just one ear; how close or how far away the sound is
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binaural cue
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involves both ears
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sounds reach one ear slighty ahead of the other... how?
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time difference between sound waves reaching ears registers in the brain; helps us judge location
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subliminal perception
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certain events occur outside our conscious awareness
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scientific studies
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hidden messages outside lab have no significant effect on behavior
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motivational tapes
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improve memory and self esteem
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extrasensory perception or ESP
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response to an unknown event or presented to any known sense
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clairvoyance
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awareness of an unknown object of event
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telepathy
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knowledge of someone else's thoughts or feelings
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precognition
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knowning what will happen before it happens; foreknowledge of the future
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describe only relevant items
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systematic
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everyone hwo could be involved in your research
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sample
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only a subset of the population will be used because you cannot use the entire population
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population
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sometimes participants may lie to you, or they may help and do what you think they want you to do
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use of deception
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keeping resultprivate
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confidentiality
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student s should never feel pressure in doing the exp. or feeling as though they have to finish
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students as research participants
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established the fist psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879
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William Wundt
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Wundt's defined psychology as what?
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the study of the structure of conscious experience
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participants exposed to different types of stimuli, then reported sensations and feelings associated with that stimuli
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introspection
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When do psychological problems result?
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when we try to fit unaacceptabke behaviors in acceptable behaviors
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problems with Freud
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came up with a universal theory of childhood development but never treated a child
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behaviorism
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important to distinguish between theoretical and methodological aspects
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Cerebral Cortex is more highly developed in who, than in any other animal?
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humans
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2 divisions of cerebral cortex
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1. interhemispheric fissure
2. central sulcus |
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shwann cells
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individual fatty globules
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nodes of ranvier
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unmylated sections
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monozygotic
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one fertilized egg that has split: IDENTICAL TWINS
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dizygotic
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two ferilized eggs that have split: FRATERNAL TWINS
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genetics
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if children resemble their biological parents on specific traits
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environmental
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if childen resemble their adoptive parents on a specific traits
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volunteers in free clinic movement
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Herbert Freudenberger
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fight or flight response; idea when confronted with something that demands immediate attention who can confront it or run from it
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Walter Cannon (1932)
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optimistic patients recover more quickly
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Coronary Bypass Surgery
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Pessimists more likely to be ill/dead by?
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45-50 year range
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emotion focused coping only helps with what?
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short term relief
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what are the 6 effects of smoking?
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1. Coronary Heart Disease
2. Cancers of all Types- lung, mouth, throat, etc. 3. Chronic Bronchiti 4. Emphysema 5. Ulcers 6. Social Embarrassment- bad breath, stinky, clothes, etc. |
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nonsmoking laws keep people from what?
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quitting
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what are the 11 symptoms to smoking cessation?
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• Withdrawal symptoms
• Craving to smoke • Irritable, cranky • Insomnia • Fatigue • Inability to Concentrate • Headache • Cough • Sore throat • Constipation, gas, stomach pain • Dry mouth |
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what are the 5 D's of coping with symptoms?
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Delay/Distract/Drink/Deep Breaths/Discuss
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what are other ways to manage nicotine withdrawl?
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exercise/get rest/ relax/ reward yourself
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What was the name, what was the age, and when did he die? (the frat boy from lsu)
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Benjamin Wynne, a 20 –year old, LSU student, died August 27, 1997.
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the absolute threshold for all of our senses is remarkably what?
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low
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1 gram of table salt in 500 liters of water
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taste
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1 drop of perfume diffused throughout a 6 room apartment
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smell
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wing of a bee falling on cheek from height of 1 centimeter
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touch
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tick of a watch from 20 feet in very quiet conditions
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hearing
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a candle flame from 30 miles on a clear, dark night
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vision
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Varies according to strength/ intensity of original stimulus
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difference threshold
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Difference thresholds tell us something about the what of sensory systems?
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flexibility
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aging and hearing ; unit of measurement per sound
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decibals
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our auditory system is so what? (2)
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subtle and complicated
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Brief exposures over --- decibels can cause permanent damage, as can daily exposure to -- decibels
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150; 85
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Of all our senses, smell is the most what? (2)
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primitive and evocative
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We can detect over how many separate smells?
We rarely perceive odors as what? |
10,000/ neutral
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The ability to judge distance and depth is critically important if an organism is to what?
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move freely in its environment
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the image of the world on the retina is essentially what?
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flat – it’s two-dimensional
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The idea of absolute thresholds implies that certain events in the outside world occur outside our what?
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conscious awareness
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Several lab studies indicate that in a controlled laboratory setting, people can process and respond to information of which they are what?
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not consciously aware of
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Research criticized for poor experimental design, failure to control for dishonesty, selective reporting of results, or in ability to replicate findings.
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JUST KNOW THIS!
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