Chapter 8 - Thinking, Language, And Intelligence

Front 1

Cognition

Back 1

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Front 2

Concept

Back 2

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people.

Front 3

Prototype

Back 3

A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)

Front 4

Algorithm

Back 4

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees you will solve a particular problem. contrasts with the usually speedier--but also more error-prone--use of heuristics.

Front 5

Insight

Back 5

a sudden realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

Front 6

confirmation bias

Back 6

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort evidence that contradicts them.

Front 7

fixation

Back 7

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem solving.

Front 8

Intuition

Back 8

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

Front 9

Availability heuristic

Back 9

Judging the likelihood of an event based on its availability in memory; if an event comes readily to mind (perhaps because it was vivid), we assume it must be common.

Front 10

Overconfidence

Back 10

The tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

Front 11

Belief perseverance

Back 11

Clinging to beliefs and ignoring evidence that proves they are wrong.

Front 12

Framing

Back 12

The way an issue is posed; framing can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

Front 13

Language

Back 13

Our spoken, written, or signed words the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

Front 14

Babbling Stage

Back 14

Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

Front 15

One-Word Stage

Back 15

The stage in speech development, from about 1-2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

Front 16

Two Words.

Back 16

The stage in speech development, from about 2, during which a child speaks mostly in two word statements.

Front 17

Telegraphic Speech

Back 17

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--"go car"--using mostly nouns and verbs.

Front 18

Grammar

Back 18

In a specific language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.

Front 19

Broca's Area

Back 19

Controls language expression--an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

Front 20

Wernicke's Area

Back 20

Controls language reception--A brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.

Front 21

Intelligence

Back 21

Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

Front 22

General Intelligence

Back 22

A general intelligence factor that, according to spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured bye very task on an intelligence test.

Front 23

Savant syndrome

Back 23

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.

Front 24

Emotional Intelligence

Back 24

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.

Front 25

Intelligence test

Back 25

A method for assessing an individuals mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.

Front 26

Aptitude Test

Back 26

A test designed to assess what a person has learned.

Front 27

Mental Age

Back 27

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. thus, a child who does as well as an average 8 year old is said to have a mental age of 8.

Front 28

Stanford-Binet

Back 28

The widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.

Front 29

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Back 29

Defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ= ma/ca x 100). on contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a give age is assigned a score of 100.

Front 30

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Back 30

The most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.

Front 31

Standardization

Back 31

Defining uniformed testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performances of a pretested group

Front 32

Normal Curve

Back 32

The bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.

Front 33

Reliability

Back 33

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on tow halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting.

Front 34

Validity

Back 34

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

Front 35

Cross-Sectional Study

Back 35

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

Front 36

Longitudinal Study

Back 36

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.

Front 37

Crystallized Intelligence

Back 37

Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

Front 38

Fluid Intelligence

Back 38

Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

Front 39

Stereotype Threat

Back 39

A self-confirming concern that we will be judged based on a negative stereotype