Chapter 8 - Thinking, Reasoning And Language

Front 1

Thinking

Back 1

Any mental activity or processing of information, including learning, remembering, perceiving, communication, believing and deceiving

Front 2

Cognitive bias

Back 2

Systematic error in thinking

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Representativeness heuristic

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Hearistic that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype

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Base rate

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How common a characteristic or behaviour is in the general population

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Availability heuristic

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Heuristic that involves estimating the likelihood of an occurence based on the ease with which it comes to our minds

Front 6

Hindsight bias

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Our tendecy to overestimate how well we could have predicted something after it has already occured

Front 7

Concept

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Our knowledge and ideas about a set of objects, actions and characteristics that share core properties

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Decision making

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The process of selecting among a set of possible alternatives

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Framing

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The way a question is formulated that can influence the decision people make

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Problem solving

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Generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a goal

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Algorithm

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Step by step learned procedure used to solve problem

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Obstacles to solving problems

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1.Salience of surface similarities 2. Mental sets 3.Functional fixedness

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Mental sets

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Phenomenon of becoming stuck in a specific problem solving strategy, inhibiting our ability to generate alternatives

Front 14

Functional fixedness

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Difficulty conceptualizing that an object typically used for one purpose can be used for another

Front 15

Language

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Largely arbitrary system of communication that combines symbols in rule-based ways to create meaning

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Levels of analysis in language

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1.Phonemes 2.Morphemes(Semantic) 3.Syntax 4.Extra linguistic information

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Phonemes

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Category of sounds our vocal apparatus produces

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Morphemes

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Smallest meaningful unit of speech

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Semantic

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Meaning derived from words and sentences

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Syntax

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Grammatical rules that govern how words are composed into meaningful strings

Front 21

Extra linguistic information

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Elements of communication that aren't part of the content of language but are critical to interpreting its meaning

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Dialects

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Language variation used by a group of people who share geographic proximity or ethnic background

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Babbling

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Intentional vocalization that lacks specific meaning

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One-world stage

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Early period of language development when children use single-word phrases to convey an entire thought

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Home-sign

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System of signs invented by children who are deaf and born of hearing parents and therefore receive no language input

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Sign language

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Language developed by members of deaf community that uses virtual rather than auditory communication

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Bilingual

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Proficient and fluent speaking and comprehending two distinct languages (lol excellent and diverse peeps from AUC know)

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Metalinguistic

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Awareness of how language is structured and used

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Generative

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Allowing an infinite number of unique sentences to be created by combining words in novel ways

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Nativist

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Account of language acquisition that suggests that children are born with some knowledge of how language works

Front 31

Language acquisition devise

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Hypothetical organ in the brain in which nativists believe knowledge of syntax resides

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Social pragmatics

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Account of language acquisition that proposes that children infer what words and sentences mean from context and social interactions

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Linguistic determinism

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View that all thought is represented verbally and that, as a result, our language divines our thinking

Front 34

Linguistic relativity

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View that all characteristics of language shape our thought processes

Front 35

Whole world recognition

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Reading strategy that involves identifying common words based on their appearance without having to sound them off

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Phonetic decomposition

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Reading strategy that involves sounding out words by drawing correspodences between printed letters and sound