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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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thinking |
the processing of information to solve problems and make judgments and decisions |
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well-defined problem |
a problem with clear specifications of the start state, goal state, and the processes for reaching the goal state |
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ill-defined problem |
a problem lacking clear specification of either the start state, goal state, or the processes for reaching the goal state |
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fixation |
the inability to create new interpretation of a problem |
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functional fixedness |
the inability to see that an object can have a function other than its typical one in solving a problem |
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mental set |
the tendency to use previously successful problem strategies without considering others that are more appropriate for the current problem |
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insight |
a new way to interpret a problem that immediately yields the solution |
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algorithm |
a step-by-step problem-solving procedure that guarantees a correct answer to a problem |
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heuristic |
a problem-solving strategy that seems reasonable given one's past experience with solving problems, especially similar problems, but does not guarantee a correct answer to a problem |
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anchoring and adjustment heuristic |
a heuristic for estimation problems in which one uses his or her intial estimate as an ancor estimate and then adjusts the anchor up or down (often insufficiently) |
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working backward heuristic |
a problem-solving heuristic in which one attempts to solve a problem by working from the global state back to the start state |
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means-end analysis heuristic |
a problem-solving heuristic in which the distance to the goal state is decreased systematically by breaking down into subgoals and achieving these subgoals |
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representativeness heuristic |
a heuristic for judging the probability of membership in a category by how well an object resembles (is representative of) that category (the more representative, the more probable) |
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conjunction fallacy |
incorrectly judging the overlap of two uncertain events to be more probably than either of the two events |
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gambler's fallacy |
incorrectly believing that a chance process is self-correcting in that an event that has not occurred for a while is more likely to occur |
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availability heuristic |
a heuristic for judging the probability of an event by how available examples of the event are in memory (the more available, the more probable) |
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confirmation bias |
the tendency to seek evidence that confirms one's beliefs |
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illusory correlation |
the erroneous belief that two variables are statistically related when they actually are not |
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belief perseverance |
the tendency to cling to one's beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence |
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person-who reasoning |
questioning a well-established research finding because one knows a person who violates the finding |
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intelligence quotient (IQ) |
(mental age / chronological age) * 100 |
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standardization |
the process that allows test scores to be interpreted by providing test norms |
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deviation IQ score |
100 plus or minus (15 times the number of standard deviations the person is from the raw score mean for their standardization group) |
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reliability |
the extent to which the scores for a test are consistent |
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validity |
the extent to which a test measures what is supposed to measure or predicts what it is supposed to predict |
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factor analysis |
a statistical technique that identifies clusters of test items that measure the same ability (factor) |
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heritability |
an index of the degree that variation of a trait within a given population is due to heredity |
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reaction range |
the genetically determined limits for an individuals intelligence |
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Flynn effect |
the finding that the average intelligence test score in the United States and other industrialized nations has improved steadily over the last century |
