Chapter 7 - The City And Capitalism

Front 1

What is the basic concept of Central Place Theory?

Back 1

(1) as one moves closer to the center of the city, human activity becomes more intense.

(2) the greatest economic advantages are found here

Front 2

What are some of the Economic Advantages of Cities?

Back 2

(1) Cities obtain, produce, and distribute their goods and services more cheaply than smaller settlements can

(2) Cities are where agglomeration industries thrive. (Auto industry in Detroit)

(3) Competition among various producers helps to keep costs down and quality up for various goods and services.

(4) Because cities exist within large populations, both goods are services can be offered at higher qualities and lower prices.

Front 3

What principle does having a Central Business District display?

Back 3

as you move closer to the center of a city, its economy is most thriving

Front 4

Explain The Urban Hierarchy

Back 4

(1) Cities that are more centrally located relative to important goods are services have larger populations.

(2) smaller settlements depend upon the cities that are in their general area

Front 5

Describe who created Central Place Theory and what it describes.

(placement of cities, distribution)

Back 5

the more important a city's economic role to a region, the more its population will increase

() settlements in the hinterlands - outside and smaller towns, villages and such - become dependent upon the city

()() Cities (especially smaller ones) generally space themselves so that they do not cut into each others markets.

()() Cities emerge at 'distance intervals' and each serve their local hinterland

Front 6

Over a fairly large geographical region, cities can be expected to be distributed by ....

Back 6

size

Front 7

Describe the names and the characteristic of the different sizes of cities

Back 7

(1) Small cities (most numerous) - local cities

(2) Larger, yet fewer - regional cities

(3) Larger still, yet even fewer - National Cities (Pittsburgh, Philadelphia)

(4) Even larger and most few - World Cities

Front 8

Economist William Alonso says cities used their land in a ..... way. Describe his Theoretical Model for General Pattern of Land Use

- What does it reveal about a cities usage of land?

- What two things does Alonso's model suggest?

Back 8

(patterned)

Alonso described the ideal case of cities as having

(1) the city existed in a completely flat, featureless place

(2) it had a single CBD

(3) efficient transportation existed in all directions

(4) every person in the city was motivated by economic self-interest

- it reveals that economic concerns shape a city's land use

- Alonso's model suggests a city with two major districts

(1) a CBD in the middle, occupied by business of various types (offices, warehouses, industries)

(2) the surrounding, mostly residential areas

Front 9

Explain the relationship between Alonsos model and the high numbers of poor living in impoverished parts of the inner city.

Back 9

() Because of the little income, poor people cannot afford the high rents of the Inner City, yet also cannot afford to move.

()()Therefore, they do pay higher rents that if they would move father out, yet, to live in the Inner areas, they usually live in projects or high-rises.

Front 10

What happens with gentrification?

Back 10

More affluent residents move in

() forcing the rents to rise

()() which then forces the poor to move out, because they cannot afford it.

Front 11

Some scholars question whether free enterprise, in the sense suggested by Alonso and such, really exists at all. What are their arguments against it?

Back 11

(1) Consumers are too powerless to set the agenda for a society's economic production

(2) Important non-economic factors also influence urban land use

(3) Alonso's economic theory only works with a limited range of cities (capitalist-industrial city)

Front 12

Name five types of cities, and their purpose

Back 12

() regal-ritual city : with political and religious concerns lie at their core

()() administrative cities : with many government activities

()()() colonial cities : manage a colonial region for another nation

()()()() mercantile cities : with trade trade as their principal concern.

Front 13

List and explain the assumptions that served as the foundation for Urban Political Economy

Back 13

(1) Any city exists within the larger political structure of county, state, and nation. And even beyond that, international politcal processess (oil prices, trade agreements) can affect urban life on a local level.

(2) Local economies do not operate independently, but, rather, connected to one another, and form state, national, and international economic networks.

Front 14

What old notion about what shapes the physical form and social life of cities do new social scientists, and what do they advance instead?

Back 14

() The discount the notion of "natural processes" shaping the physical form of cities and social life.

()() The promote their belief that political and economic institutions (banks, governments, international corporations) shape urban life.

Front 15

List the men who advanced the beliefs about this new Urban Political Economy Theory

Back 15

Henri Lefebvre, David Harvey, Manuel Castells, and Allen Scott

Front 16

Who redefined the study of cities? What did he suggest?

Back 16

Henri Lefebvre. He suggested that urban development was as much a product of the capitalist economic system as was any manufactured good.

Front 17

Explain Lefebvre's Two Circuits of Capital

Back 17

() Henri made a distinction between two types of investment capital.

(1) Primary Circuit of Capital : investment to hire workers to manufacture a product to sell at a profit to be used for more investment. (circular flow of money)

(2) Second Circuit of Capital: real-estate investment

Front 18

Henri suggested that, within a city, (these types of) motives determine the stability, decline, or rejuvenation of various areas.

Back 18

profit-seeking

Front 19

What were four ideas that Henri Lefebvre put forth?

Back 19

(1) Two Circuits of Capital

(2) Space as Part of social Organization

(3) The Role of Government

(4) Urban Areas as Themed Environments

Front 20

Describe Lefebvre's idea of Space as Part of Social Organization.

Back 20

() we construct our surroundings to meet particular needs and objectives

()() and our surroundings, in turn, affect our subsequent behavior.

THUS () people organize their daily lives and actions within the constraints or oppurtunities of the built environment

Front 21

Describe Lefebvre's idea of The Role of Government

Back 21

He considered the actions of governments, from local to national levels, to be a critical factor in shaping a city's use of space.

Front 22

Explain the difference between Lefebvre's definitions of abstract space and social space

Back 22

Abstract Space: what business-people, investors, and government have in mind when they discuss the dimensions of size, location, and profit.

Social Space: What individuals who live, work, and play in an area think about their environment.

Front 23

Explain Lefebre's idea of Urban Areas as Themed Environments

Back 23

Recycling abandoned factories and docks into redeveloped areas that emphasize a heritage and leisure experience.

Front 24

What was David Harvey known for?

Back 24

The Baltimore Study

Front 25

Describe the Baltimore Study, and what it demonstrated

Back 25

He illustrated Lefebvre's ideas in a MArxist analysis of how the capitalist real-estate system operated in Baltimore, directly shaping many of the citys problems concerning social inequality.

()() It demonstrated how discrimination by investment capitalists in the housing market affects the dynamics of buying, selling, and neighborhood transition.

Front 26

What was Manuel Castells known for?

Back 26

He extended Marxists analysis beyond the traditional conflict between labor and capital and applying it to distinct urban patterns.

He also highlighted the conflict between local government and the working class arising from local administration of various social welfare programs.

Front 27

Explain Welfare Capitalism

Back 27

Welfare capitalism is the government providing subsidies to workers.

Castells viewed welfare capitalism as an important social movement affecting urban life.

Front 28

Explain the Modes of Development

Back 28

Castells contrasted Marxs' mode of production, with what he called the mode of development.

() The key element in the industrial mode of development was discovering and applying new sources of energy.

() In todays information mode of development, the key element is developing new forms and sources of information.

Front 29

What was Allen Scott known for? Describe his approach.

Back 29

() He offered insights regarding the impact of changes in the production process on urban space.

()() His approach: he studied the relationship between a city's fortunes and the globalization of the economy.

Front 30

Define Oligopoly

Back 30

a market dominated by a few producers

Front 31

Define Horizontal Integration

Back 31

An economic structure, in which companies maintain a national network of company and control to reduce costs and maximize profits

Front 32

Definte Vertical Disintegration

Back 32

While still maintaining some horizontal integration, companies began to unload their production support companies.

Front 33

What is a significant consequence of vertical disintegration?

Back 33

The creation of many new supplier companies

() many businesses became transnational or multinational.

Front 34

Explain what John Logan and Harvey Molotch contributed.

Back 34

They employed political economy theory in an effort to identify who the central decision makers in North American Cities are and determine why they do what they do.

Front 35

megamerger

Back 35

acquisitions of companies with assets valued at $1 billion or more

Front 36

Describe the deindustrialization that occurred in the US in the 1970s.

Back 36

Virtually all fields made profit-driven decisions to dismantle and disinvest in U.S. operations, outsourcing to Asia and Latin America

Front 37

What is economic restructuring and when did it take place?

Back 37

during the 1980s and 1990s.

Forced to restructure their economies away from manufacturing, North American cities evolved into service centers (specializing in advertising, corporate management, and information processing)

Front 38

Describe the various levels of economic power within World Systems Analysis

Back 38

(1) the "core"

(2) the "semi-periphery"

(3) the "periphery"

Front 39

In World Systems Analysis, which type (and name them) countries constitute the "core"?

Back 39

The more economically developed countries (US, Japan, Canada)

Front 40

In World Systems Analysis, which type (and name them) countries constitute the "semi-periphery"?

Back 40

Argentina, China, India, Mexico

Both these are periphery countries serve as key nodes in the global urban system

Front 41

In World Systems Analysis, which type (and name them) countries constitute the periphery?

Back 41

Hungary, South Africa, Taiwan, South Korea

Poorer, less developed countries

Front 42

List some of the important Roles of Cities

Back 42

(1) cities serve as important nodes in the global network

() linking together money, people, production, and commodities

(2) production sites for the information economy

Front 43

List the Four Principles of Urban Political Economy

Back 43

(1) A citys growth and form result from people and organizations that control wealth and other key resources.

(2) Urban forms and urban social arrangements reflect conflicts over the distribution of resources

(3) Government continues to play an important role in urban life

(4) Urban growth patterns significantly result from economic restructuring.

Front 44

Summarize the shift in poverty

Back 44

Much of the worlds poverty in the developing worlds existed in rural areas, and has now shifted to mostly cities.