Chapter 5 Infancy Normal Language Development

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categorical perception

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allows listeners to

distinguish between phonemes so they can process speech quickly, ignoring variations that are non-essential in language

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perpetual narrowing

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infants start to focus more on differences that are relevant

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detection of phonotactic regularities

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ability to detect phonotactic regularities helps segment words from continuous speech

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voice onset time

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interval between release of a stop consonant & the onset of vocal cord vibrations

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hierarchical structure of categories

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superordinate- top, food, furniture, clothing

subordinate- lowest, specific items in category ex: pinto, garbanzo, kidney are all types of beans

basic- center, apple, chair, shirt

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reflexive (0-2mo)

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sounds of discomfort, distress, coughing, sneezing, burping

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control of phonation (1-4mo)

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cooing, gooing, vowel-like sounds, vowel-like segments with a consonant-like segment (ex: aaam) isolated consonant sounds such as nasalized sounds, trills, clicks

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expansion (3-8mo)

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infants gain more control over articulators and begin to produce isolated vowel sounds, vowel glides, loudness and pitch, squeals, marginal babbling

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Marginal babbling

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babbling containing consonant-like & vowel sounds with long transitions between vowel & consonant sounds

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basic canonical syllables (5-10 mo)

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produces single consonant – vowel syllables (ex: ba,goo) canonical babbling, reduplicated babbling, non reduplicated babbling

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canonical babbling

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innocent produces more than two C-V syllables in sequence

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reduplicated babbling

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repeating C-V pairs (ma ma ma)

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non reduplicated/ variegated babbling

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non repeating C-V combos (ex: da ma goo ga)

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whispered vocalizations

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C-V combos followed by an isolated consonant (“ba-g”) & s syllables that consist of 2 C-V syllables separated by audible gap (ba-ba)

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advanced forms (9-18mo)

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begin producing diphthongs, more complex syllable forms, including single-syllable types such as V-C (am) & C-C-V (stee), complex syllables such as V-C-V (abu) & multi syllabic strings with & without stress intonation patterns (odago), jargon

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dipthong

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combo of two vowel sounds in same syllable ex: fine boy

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jargon

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babbling containing at least two syllables and at least two different consonants & vowels, varied stress, intonation patterns

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infant directed speech/baby talk

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speech adults use to communicate young language learners

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paralinguistic

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features of IDS, those that describe manner speech outside linguistic info, include a high pitch, exaggerated pitch contours, slower tempo‘s than those of adult– directed speech, synaptic characteristics of IDS, discourse features of IDS

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syntactic characteristics

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shorter meaning of length of utterance, more content words & fewer functions

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discourse features

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repetition & more questions then ADS (adult directed speech)

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joint reference & attention

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phase 1: attendance to social partners (birth-6mo)

phase 2: emergence & coordination of joint attention (6mo-1yr)

phase 3: transition to language (1yr & beyond)

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phase 1: attendance to social partners (birth- 6 mo)

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learning how to maintain attention and be organized within periods of time, interpersonal reactions

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phase 2: emergence & coordination of joint attention (6mo-1yr)

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interested in looking and manipulating objects around them, shift attention to object & person, joint attention, supported joint engagement, enter subjective awareness, imperative pointing, declarative pointing

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joint attention

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engagement of two or more individuals in mental focus on a single external object of attention

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supported joint engagement

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joint participation & engagement for infant

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inter-subjective awareness

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recognition of when one person shares a mental focus on some external object or action with another person

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imperative pointing

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requests to adults to retrieve objects for them

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declarative pointing

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to get adults attention to objects & to comment on objects

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phase 3: transition to language (1yr & beyond)

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language into their communicative interactions

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caregiver responsiveness

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caregivers attention & sensitivity to infants vocalizations & communicative attempts

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language content

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1. words with true intention

2. produce true words with recognizable pronunciation

3. true word is a word a child uses consistently and generalizes beyond original contacts

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expressive language

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amount of language an individual can produce spontaneously without imitating another persons verbalizations

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receptive language

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differs from amount of language he or she can comprehend

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inter-dividual differences

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variation in language & development right variation & language, learning styles

late talkers: exhibit early delays in expressive language

early talkers

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habituation/dishabituation

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habitation: process by which we become accustomed to stimulus, & notice it less over time

dishabituation: occurs when a change in the stimulus, causes us to notice it again

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intermodal preferential looking paradigm

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assesses language comprehension by showing infants side-by-side or videos, as the infant hears an audio presentation that matches only one of the videos

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interactive intermodal preferential looking paradigm

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infant is able to hold & explore objects before experimenter puts them on a board for test trials

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naturalistic observation

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observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation