Chapter 4 Physiology

Front 1

What metabolic changes must occur in skeletal muscles at the beginning of exercise to provide the necessary energy to continue movement

Back 1

Anaerobic energy sources

Front 2

Anaerobic energy sources contributions to the beginning of exercise

Back 2

Overall production of atp

ATP levels are unchanged, even though ATP is being used at a higher rate

Front 3

As steady state of O2 is reached---

Back 3

Body's atp requirements is met via aerobic metabolism

Front 4

Oxygen deficit

Back 4

Lag in oxygen uptake at the beginning of exercise

Front 5

Aerobic atp production is insufficient until the oxygen uptake reaches steady state because

Back 5

There is inadequate oxygen delivery to the muscle or failure of oxidative phosphorylation

Front 6

How do trained adults reach vo2 steady state faster than untrained adults

Back 6

Better developed aerobic bioenergetic capacity resulting from cardio it's muscular adaptations by endurance training

Front 7

Less production of lactate and H ions brings what?

Back 7

Longer levels of exercise. Time increases

Front 8

After exercise the metabolic rates does not fall instantly. Why?

Back 8

Oxygen uptake is above the level needed to meet the demands of standing on the treadmill

Front 9

Higher intensity exercises

Back 9

No steady state is present

Front 10

Oxygen debt

Back 10

Elevated oxygen uptake following exercise

Front 11

EPOC

Back 11

If not used, part of 02 consumed following exercise is used to restore PC in muscle and O2 stores in blood and tissue

Front 12

Glycolysis

Back 12

Produces two 3- carbon pyruvic acid meadowdale

Front 13

Citric acid cycle

Back 13

Each pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria separately. They lose a C , forming CO2. Then binds with acetyl COa forming an enzyme

Front 14

High intensity, short term exercise 2-20 seconds utilizes what pathway

Back 14

ATP-PC system

Front 15

Intense exercises lasting longer than >5 seconds utilizes which pathway

Back 15

Glycolysis

Front 16

High intensity exercises lasting longer than 45 seconds uses what pathway

Back 16

All 3 metabolic pathways

Front 17

Hot humid environments effect on aerobic metabolism and its steady state

Back 17

Increase uptake in oxygen

Continous exercise at a high work rate results in slow rise in oxygen uptake

Front 18

Increased in VO2 is due to:

Back 18

Increase in body temperature

Increases in hormones ep and noep

Front 19

Incremental exercise tests

Graded exercise tests

Back 19

Examine for possible heart disease conducted on a treadmill or cycle ergometer

Front 20

VO2 max

Back 20

Maximal capacity to transport and utilize oxygen during exercise

Front 21

Psychological factors that influence VO2 max

Back 21

Maximum ability of the cardio system to deliver oxygen to the contracting muscles

Muscles ability to take up the oxygen and PRODUCE ATP aerobically

Front 22

Increased in VO2 is due to

Back 22

Increased body temperature

Increase in hormones. Epinephrine

And noneoinephrine

Front 23

Incremental exercise tests [ graded exercise tests]

Back 23

Examine for possible heart diseases

Conducted on a treadmill or cycle ergometer

Front 24

Maximal oxygen uptake or VO2 max

Back 24

Maximal capacity to transport and utilize oxygen during exercise

Front 25

Does power increase after oxygen uptake rate is reached?

Back 25

No.

Front 26

Name physiological factors that influence VO2 max

Back 26

Maximum ability of the cardiovascular system to deliver oxygen to the contracting muscle

Muscles ability to take up the oxygen and produce ATP aerobically

Front 27

As exercise intensity increases during an incremental test. What happens to blood lactate levels

Back 27

They rise

In untrained individuals it occurs around 50-60% of VO2 max

Front 28

Anaerobic thresholds

Back 28

A systematic rise in blood lactate during incremental exercise

Front 29

Onset of blood lactate accumulation

Back 29

Exercise intensity at which a specific blood lactate concentration is reached

Front 30

Lactate production depends on many factors

Back 30

Rapid rate of glycolysis., in which NADH production may exceed the transport capacity of the shuttle mechanism that move H from the sarcoplasm into the mitochondria

Caused by increases in epinephrine levels

Front 31

Slow fiber muscles

Back 31

Slow twitch , low intensity exercises

LDH coverts lactate to pyruvate.

These muscles are used in the beginning of exercise

Front 32

Fast twitch fibers

Back 32

Intense, rapid exercise

LDH attaches to pyruvate forming lactate. Causing lactate thresholds

Front 33

The ph of body Fluids can alert enzymes activity

Back 33

If ph Is altered the activity reduces

During exercise, skeletal muscles produces large amounts of h+ ions, resulting in decreases in Ph

Front 34

1g carb= kcal

Back 34

4

Front 35

What is the stored polysaccharide found in animal tissues and muscle

Back 35

Glycogen= linkage of glucose molecules

Front 36

1g fat =? kcal

Back 36

9

Front 37

Groups of fats

Back 37

Fatty acids

Steroids

Phospholipids

Triglycerides

Front 38

Fatty acids are stored as

Back 38

Triglycerides

Composed of 3 fatty acids and one glycerol

Front 39

Proteins can contribute energy for exercise in two ways

Back 39

Amino acid alanine can be converted in the liver to glucose, which can then be used to make glycogen

Liver glycogen can be broken down to glucose and then transported to working skeletal muscle

Front 40

During high intensity short term exercise the muscles ATP production is dominated by

Back 40

ATP-PC system

Front 41

Intense exercise lasting over 20 sec relies on

Back 41

Anaerobic glycolysis

Front 42

High intensity exercises lasting longer than 45 seconds uses all three pathways. T or f

Back 42

True

Front 43

Steady state oxygen uptake can be maintained during moderate exercise but there are 2 exceptions

Back 43

Hot humid environments increase oxygen uptake

Continous exercise at higher work rates resulting in slow uptake

Front 44

As exercise intensity increases. During a graded test, blood lactate levels rise. When does it appear in untrained individuals. Trained individuals?

Back 44

50-60% VO2 MAX

60-85%

Front 45

Vo2 max means

Back 45

A " physiological ceiling" for the ability of the oxygen transport to deliver o2 to contracting muscles

Front 46

Lactate threshold

Back 46

Rise in blood lactate concentration

During graded exercise

Front 47

Use of the lactate threshold

Back 47

Serve as a guideline in planning the level of exercise intensity needed to optimize training results

Front 48

RER

Back 48

Ratio of carbon dioxide produced to the volume of oxygen consumed

R=nonprotein R

When fat oxidizes , C bines with O2 forming CO2, and water forms

Front 49

Work is determined by several factors

Back 49

Diet

The intensity and duration of exercise

Whether the subject is endurance trained

Front 50

As exercise intensity increases what gets burned faster

Back 50

Carbohydrates compared to fats

Front 51

Crossover point

Back 51

Progressive shift from fat to carbohydrate metabolism

Caused by:

recruitment of fast fibers

Increasing blood levels of epinephrine

Front 52

Fibers have abundant glycolytic enzymes aids in fast carb metabolism

Back 52

Fast fibers

Front 53

Rise in epinephrine causes

Back 53

Increases in muscle Glycogen breakdown

Front 54

What factors control the rate o

Of fat metabolism during prolonged exercise

Back 54

Epinephrine

Promoted lipolysis

Front 55

A high carbohydrate meal or drink can

Back 55

Diminishing lipolysis

Greater use of carbohydrates as fuel

Front 56

why do low muscle glycogen produce fatigue

Back 56

Less glycolysis = less pyruvate

Lowers the rate of aerobic ATP production

Front 57

Muscles glycogen stores provide a direct source of carbohydrate for muscle energy metabolism. T or f

Back 57

True

Front 58

Liver glycogen stores serves for replacing blood glucose. T or f

Back 58

True

Front 59

Plasma fatty acids are the primary source during

Back 59

Low intensity exercises...

Front 60

Muscle triglycerides are used during ______ intensity

Back 60

High

Front 61

Increase in calcium levels within muscle fibers during prolonged exercise does what

Back 61

Activates enzymes that deactivates muscle proteins.. amino acids are then released, and used as fuel during exercise

Front 62

Lactate as a fuel source during exercise

Back 62

Serves as both a substrate for the liver to synthesize glucose.

In blood lactate removal can be converted to pyruvate, transformed to acetyl coa and kicks off oxidative metabolism