Chapter 3 Abnormal Psych

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comparison of biological and adoptive relatives with and without a given disorder to assess genetic versus environmental influences

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adoption method

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genetic research strategy comparing frequency of certain genetic markers known to be located on particular chormosomes in people with and without a particular disorder

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association studies

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contemporary psychodynamic theory emphasizing the importance of early experience with attanchment relationships in laying the foundation for later functioning throught life

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attachment theory

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process of assinging causes to things that happen

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attributions

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field that studies the heritabilty of mental disorders and other aspects of psychological functioning such as personailty and intelligence

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behavior genetics

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a viewpoint that acknowledges the interacting roles of biological, psychosocial, and sociocultural factors in the orgnins of psychopathology

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biopsychosocial viewpoint

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as postulated by Freud, the anxiety a young boy experiences when he desires his mother while at the same time fearing that his father may harm him by cutting his penis, this anxiety forces the boy to repress his sexual desire for his mother and his hostility towards his father

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castration anxiety

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chain-like structures within cell nucleus that contain genes

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chromosomes

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a basic form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that naturally elicits an unconditioned response (UR). After repated pairings, the netural stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR)

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classical conditioning

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a theory of abnormal behavior that focuses on how thoughts and information processing can become distorted and lead to maladaptive emotions and behavior

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cognitive-behavioral perspective

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the percentage of twins sharing a disorder or trait

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concordance rate

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a condition that increases the probabilty of developing a disorder but that is neither necessary nor sufficient for it to occur

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contributory cause

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human stress homrone relases by the cortex of the adrenal glands

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cortisol

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field of psychology that focuses on determining what is abnormal at any point in the developmental process by compaing and contrasting it with normal and expected changes that occur

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developmental psychopathology

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acknowledgement that genetic activity influences neural activity, which in turn influences behavior, which in turn influences the enviornment, and that these influences are bidirectional

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developmental systems approach

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view of abnormal behavior as the result of stress opertaing on an individual who has biolgical, psychosocial, or sociocultural predisposition to developing a specific diorder

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diathesis-stress models

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ability to interpret and respond differently to two or more similar stimuli

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discrimination

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in psychoanalytic theory, the reational part of the personality that mediates between the demands of the id, constraints of the superego, and the realities of the external world

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ego

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psychodynamic theory emphasizing the importance of the ego- the "exexutive branch of the personality" in organizing normal personality development

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ego psychology

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psychic mechanisms that discharge or soothe anziety rather than coping direclty with an anxiety-provoking situations; usually unconscious and reality-distorting. Also called defense mechanisms

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ego-defense mechanisms

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excessive emotional attachment (love) of a daughter for her father, the feamle counterpart of the Oedipus complex

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electra complex

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causual pattern of abnormal behavior

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etiology

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gradual disapperance of a conditioned response when it is no longer reinforced

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extinction

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behavior genetic research strategy that examines the incidence of disorder in relatives of an index case to determine whether incidence increases in proportion to the degree of the hereditary relationship

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family history (or pedigree) method

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tendency of a reponse that has been conditioned to one stimulus to be elicited by other, similar stimuli

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generalization

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long molecules of DNA that are present at various locations on chromosomes and that are responsible for the transmission of hereditary trairs

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genes

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a person's total genetic endowment

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genotype

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gentoypic vulnerability that can shape a child's environmental experiences

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genotype-environment correlation

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differential sensistivity or susceptibility to their enviornments by people who have different genotypes

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genotype-environment interaction

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chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands that regulate development of and activity in various parts of the body

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horomones

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brain-endorcine system involved in reponding to stress in which the hypothalamus and pituitary send messages to the adrenal glad which releases a stress hormone that feeds back on the hypothalamus

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hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical axis

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in psychoanalytic theory, the reservoir of insinctual drives and the first structure to appear in infancy

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id

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reinforcement of a subject for making a correct reesponse that leads either to receipt of something rewarding or to escape from something unpleasant

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instrumental (or operant) conditioning

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approach to understanding abnormal behavior that views much of psychopathology as rooted in the unforunate tendences we develop while dealing with our interpersonal enviornments, it thus focuses on our relationships, past and present, with other people

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interpsonal persepctive

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inner mental struggles resulting from interply of the id, ego, and superego when the three subsystems are striving for different goals

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intrapsychic conflicts

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in psychoanalytic theory, a term used to describe the insinctual drives of the id; the basic constructive energy of life, primarily sexual in nature

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libido

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genetic research strategy in which occurrence of a disorder in an extended family is comparted with that of genetic marker for physical characteristic or biolgical process that is known to be located on a particular chromosome

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linkage analysis

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a condition that must exist for a diorder to occur

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necessary cause

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chemical substances that are realses into a synapse by the presynaptic neuron and which transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another

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neurotransmitters

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in psychoanalytic theory, this viewpoint focuses on an infant or young child's interactions with "objects" that is real or imageing people, as well as how they make symbolic representations of important people in their lives

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object relations theory

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learning through observation alone without directly experiencing an unconditioned stimulus (for classical condintioning) or a reinforcement (for instrument conditioning)

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observational learning

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desire for sexual relations with a parent of opposite sex; specifcally the desire of a boy for his mother, with his father a hated rival

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oedipus complex

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the observed structural and functional characteristics of aperson that result from interaction between the genotype and the environment

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phenotype

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endocrine gland associated with many regulatory functions

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pituitary gland

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demand that an instinctual need be immediately gratified, regarless of reality or moral considerations

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pleasure principle

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gratification of id demands by meaning of imagery or fantasy without the ability to undertake the realistic actions needed to meet those instinctual demands

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primary process thinking

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influences that modify a person's response to an enviornmental stressor, making is less likely that the person will expereince the adverse effects of the stressor

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protective factors

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according toe Freudian theory, there are five stages of psychosexual develpment, each characterized by a dominant mode of achieving sexual pleasure; the oral stage, the anal stage, the phallic stage, the latency stange, and the genital stage

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psychosexual stages of development

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awareness of the demands of the nevironment and adjustment of behavior to meet these demands

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reality principle

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the process of rewarding desired responsed

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reinforcement

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the ability to adapt successfully to even very difficult circumstances

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resilence

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an underlying representation of knowledge that guides current proessing of information and often leads to distortions in attention, memory, and comprehension

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schema

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reality-oriented rational processes of the ego for dealing with the external world and the exercise of control over id demands

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secondary process thinking

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our views of what we are, what we might becomes, and what is important to us

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self-schema

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the return of a learned response at some time after extinction has occurred

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spontanewous recovery

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a condtion that guarantees the occurrence of a disorder

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sufficent cause

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conscience; ethical or moral dimensions (attitudes) of personality

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superego

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site of communication from the axon of one neuron to the dendrites or cell body of another neuorn- a tiny filled spaced between neurons

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synapse

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pattern of emotinoal and arousal responses and characteristic ways of self-regulation that are considered to be primarily hereditary and consitutional

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tempertament

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the use of identical and nonidentical twins to study genetic influences on abnormal behavior

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twin method

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time taken for the level of an active drugs or medication in the body to be reduced to 50% of the original level

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half-life

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medication that alleviate or diminish the intensity of psychotic sympotoms such as hallucinations or delusions

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antipsychotic drugs

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neurological disorder resulting from excessive use of antipsychotic drugs. Side effects can occur months to years after treatment has been initiated or has stopped. The symptoms involve involuntary movement of the tongue, lips, jaw, and extremities

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tardive dyskinesia

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drugs that are used primarily to elevate mood and relieve depression. Often also used in the treatment of certain anxiety disorders, bulimia, and certain personality diorders

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antidepressant drugs

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drugs that are used primarily for alleviating anxiety

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antianxiety drugs

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surgery of the nervous system, especially the brain

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neurosugurgery