Chapter 27 (Reproduction And Embryonic Development)

Front 1

What is reproduction?

Back 1

creation of new individual from existing one

Front 2

What is asexual reproduction?

Back 2

creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent without the participation of sperm and egg

Front 3

What is budding?

Back 3

- means of asexual reproduction whereby a new individual develops from an outgrowth of a parent
- new individual eventually splits off and lives independently

Front 4

What is fission?

Back 4

means of sexual reproduction whereby a parent separates into 2 or more genetically identical individual of about equal size

Front 5

What is fragmentation?

Back 5

means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals

Front 6

What is regeneration?

Back 6

regrowth of body parts from pieces of an organism

Front 7

relatively unchanging environment, favor asexual reproduction because well-suited individual can rapidly multiply and use available resources

Back 7

What kind of environments would likely be advantageous to asexually reproducing organisms? Why?

Front 8

What is sexual reproduction?

Back 8

creation of genetically unique offspring by the fusion of 2 haploid sex cells (gametes), forming a diploid zygote

Front 9

What is fertilization?

Back 9

union of the nucleus of a sperm cell with the nucleus of an egg cell, producing a zygote

Front 10

What is a gamete?

Back 10

- sex cell
- haploid egg or sperm
- union of 2 gametes of opposite sex produces a zygote

Front 11

What is a zygote?

Back 11

diploid fertilized egg, which results from the union of a sperm cell nucleus and an egg cell nucleus

Front 12

What is a sperm?

Back 12

male gamete

Front 13

What is an egg?

Back 13

female gamete

Front 14

What is hermaphroditism?

Back 14

condition in which an individual has both male and female gonads and function as both a male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and egg

Front 15

What is external fertilization?

Back 15

fusion of gametes that parents have discharged into the environment

Front 16

What is internal fertilization?

Back 16

reproduction in which sperm are typically deposited in or near the female reproductive tract and fertilization occurs within the tract

Front 17

What is copulation?

Back 17

sexual intercourse, usually necessary for internal fertilization to occur

Front 18

what are gonads?

Back 18

- sex organ in an animal
- ovary or testis

Front 19

What are ovaries?

Back 19

- female gonad, which produces egg cells and reproductive hormones
- in plants, basal portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop

Front 20

What are follicles?

Back 20

- cluster of cells that surround, protect, and nourish a developing egg cell in the ovary
- secrete the hormone estrogen

Front 21

What is ovulation?

Back 21

release of an egg cell from an ovarian follicle

Front 22

What is the corpus luteum?

Back 22

small body of endocrine tissue that develops from an ovarian follicle after ovulation and secretes progesterone and estrogen during pregnancy

Front 23

What is an oviduct?

Back 23

- tube that conveys egg cells away from an ovary
- aka fallopian tube
- normal site of fertilization

Front 24

What is the uterus?

Back 24

- in the reproductive system of a mammalarian female
- the womb
- organ where the development of young occurs

Front 25

What is the endometrium?

Back 25

inner lining of the uterus in mammals, richly supplied with blood vessels that provide the maternal part of the placenta and nourish the developing embryo

Front 26

What is an embryo?

Back 26

- developing stage of multicellular organism
- in humans, stage in the development of offspring from the 1st zygote until body structures begin to appear
- 9th week of gestation

Front 27

What is a fetus?

Back 27

- developing human from the 9th week of gestation until birth
- has all the magic structures of an adult

Front 28

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Back 28

implantation and development of an embryo outside the uterus

Front 29

What is the cervix?

Back 29

neck of the uterus, which opens into the virgin

Front 30

What is the vagina?

Back 30

- part of the female reproductive system between the uterus and the outside opening
- birth canal in openings
- accomodates penis and receives sperm during copulation

Front 31

What is the vulva?

Back 31

collective term for the external female genitalia

Front 32

What is labia minora?

Back 32

pair of inner folds of skin, bordering and protecting the female genital region

Front 33

What is the labia majora?

Back 33

pair of outer thickened folds of skin that protect the female genital region

Front 34

What is the clitoris?

Back 34

organ in the female that engorges with blood and becomes erect during sexual arousal

Front 35

What are glans?

Back 35

rounded, highly sensitive head of the clitoris in female and penis in male

Front 36

What is prepuce?

Back 36

fold of skin covering the head of the clitoris or penis

Front 37

- oviducts
- uterus

Back 37

Where does fertilization occur? In which organ does the fetus develop?

Front 38

What are the testes?

Back 38

- male gonad in an animal
- produces sperm, and in many species,"", reproductive hormones

Front 39

What is the scrotum?

Back 39

pouch of skin outside the abdomen that houses the testis and functions in cooling sperm, keeping them viable

Front 40

What is testicle?

Back 40

testis and scrotum together

Front 41

What is the epididymis?

Back 41

long coiled tube in which sperm pass from the testis and are stored until matured and ejaculated

Front 42

What is ejaculation?

Back 42

expulsion of semen from the penis

Front 43

What is the ejaculatory duct?

Back 43

- short section of the ejaculatory route in mammals formed by the convergence of the vas defrens and a duct from the seminal vesicle
- transports sperm from the vas defrens to the urethra

Front 44

What are vas defrens?

Back 44

- part of the male reproductive system that conveys sperm away from the testis
- sperm duct
- in humans, the tubes that conveys sperm between the epididymis and the common duct that leads to the urethra

Front 45

What are seminal vesicles?

Back 45

- gland in male that secretes a thick fluid that contain fructose
- provides most of the sperm's energy

Front 46

What is prostate gland?

Back 46

gland in human males that secretes a thin fluid that nourishes the sperm

Front 47

What are bulbourethral glands?

Back 47

1 pair of glands near the base of the penis in the human male that secretes a clear alkaline mucus

Front 48

What is semen?

Back 48

sperm-containing fluid that is ejaculated by the male during orgasm

Front 49

What is an orgasm?

Back 49

series of rhythmic, involuntary contractions of the reproductive structures

Front 50

What is the penis?

Back 50

copulatory structure of male mammals

Front 51

testis -> epididymis -> vas defrens -> urethra

Back 51

What is the sequence of the sperm's travel?

Front 52

What is gametogenesis?

Back 52

creation of gametes within the gonads

Front 53

What is spermatogenesis?

Back 53

formation of sperm cells

Front 54

What is seminiferous tubules?

Back 54

coiled sperm-producing tube in testes

Front 55

What is primary spermatocyte?

Back 55

diploid cell in the testis that undergoes meiosis 1.

Front 56

What is the secondary spermatocyte?

Back 56

haploid cell that results from meiosis 1 in spermatogenesis and becomes a sperm cell after meiosis 2.

Front 57

What is oogenesis?

Back 57

development of mature egg cells

Front 58

What is the primary oocyte?

Back 58

diploid cells in prophase 1 of meiosis, that can be hormonally triggered to develop into an egg

Front 59

What is a secondary oocyte?

Back 59

haploid cell that results from meiosis 1 in oogenesis which will become an egg after meiosis 2

Front 60

random alignment of homologous chromosomes during meiosis, specifically meiosis 1

Back 60

Which process in the development of sperm and egg is responsible for the genetic variation among gametes

Front 61

What is the reproductive cycle?

Back 61

recurring sequence of events that produces eggs, makes them available for fertilization, and prepares the female body for pregnancy

Front 62

What is an ovarian cycle?

Back 62

hormonally synchronized cyclic events in the mammalian ovary, culminating in ovulation

Front 63

What is the menstrual cycle?

Back 63

hormonally synchronized cyclic buildup and breakdown of the endometrium of some primates including humans

Front 64

What is menstruation?

Back 64

uterine bleeding resulting from shedding of the endometrium during a menstrual cycle

Front 65

- drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone
- change are caused by negative feedback of these hormones on the hypothalmus and pituatary after ovulation.

Back 65

Which hormonal change triggers the onset of menstruation?

Front 66

What is a sexually transmitted disease?

Back 66

contagious disease spread by sexual contact

Front 67

What is chlamydia?

Back 67

- member of a group of bacteria that lives inside Eukaryotic host cells
- include human pathogens that cause blindness and nongonococcal urethritis
- common STD

Front 68

What is genital herpes?

Back 68

STD caused by the herpes simplex virus type 2

Front 69

- bacterial STDs can be cured
- viral STDs can't

Back 69

How are bacterial STDs different from viral STDs in terms of their long-term prognosis?

Front 70

What is tubal ligation?

Back 70

- means of sterilization in which a segment of each of a woman's two oviducts is removed.
- ends of the tubes are tied closed to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus

Front 71

What is contraception?

Back 71

deliberate prevention of pregnancy

Front 72

What is vasectomy?

Back 72

- surgical removal of a section of the 2 sperm ducts to prevent sperm from reaching the urethra
- means of sterilization in males

Front 73

What is the rhythm method?

Back 73

- form of contraception that relies on refraining from sexual intercourse when conception is likely to occur
- aka natural family planning

Front 74

What are spermicides?

Back 74

cream, jelly, or foam that works with a barrier device as a method of contraception

Front 75

What are oral contraception?

Back 75

- contains synthetic estrogen and or progesterone and prevents the release of eggs.
- aka birth control pills

Front 76

What is the morning after pill?

Back 76

- birth control pill taken within 3 days of unprotected intercourse to prevent fertilization or implantation

Front 77

What is an acrosome?

Back 77

- membrane enclosed sac at the tip of a sperm
- contains enzymes that help sperm penetrate the egg

Front 78

- protein receptors on the vitelline layer match with specific proteins on the sperm
- ensures that sperm on a different species won't fertilize the egg

Back 78

Why is the vitelline layer particularly important among aquatic animals that use external fertilization?

Front 79

What is cleavage?

Back 79

- cytokinesis in animal cells and in some protists, characterized by pinching in of the plasma membranes
- in animal development, 1st major phase of embryonic development, in which rapid cell division without cell growth transforms the animal zygote into a ball of cells

Front 80

What is blastocoel?

Back 80

- in a developing animal, a central fluid filled cavity in a blastula

Front 81

What is a blastula?

Back 81

- embryonic stage that marks the end of cleavage and animal development
- hollow ball of cells in many species

Front 82

What is gastrulation?

Back 82

- 2nd major phase of embryonic development, which transforms the blastula into a gastrula
- adds more cells to the embryo and sorts the cells into distinct cell layers

Front 83

What is gastrula?

Back 83

- embryonic stage resulting from animal development
- most animals have made one up of 3 layers of cells
- ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

Front 84

What is ectoderm?

Back 84

- outer layer of three embryonic cell layers in gastrula
- forms the skin of the gastrula and gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system in the adult

Front 85

what is the endoderm?

Back 85

- innermost of the 3 embryonic cell layers in a gastrula
- forms the archenteron in the gastrula and gives rise to the innermost linings of the digestive tract and other hollow organs in the adult.

Front 86

What is the mesoderm?

Back 86

- middle layer of the 3 embryonic cell layers in a gastrula
- gives rise to muscles, bones, the dermis of the skin, and most other organs in the adult

Front 87

What is the notochord?

Back 87

- flexible, cartilage-like, longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and nerve cords in chordate animals
- present only in embryos of many species

Front 88

What is neural tube?

Back 88

- embryonic cylinder that develops from the ectoderm after gastrulation and gives rise tot he brain and spinal cord

Front 89

What is coelom?

Back 89

body cavity completely lined with mesoderm

Front 90

- neural tube, which becomes the brain and spinal cord
- develops from a dorsal ectodermal plate that folds to form an interior tube

Back 90

What is the embryonic basis for the dorsal, hollow nerve, cord that is common to all members of our phyllum?

Front 91

What is induction?

Back 91

during embryonic development, the influence of one group of cells on an adjacent group of cells

Front 92

What is apoptosis?

Back 92

- timely and tidy suicide of cells
- programmed cell death

Front 93

What is programmed cell death?

Back 93

- timely and tidy suicide of certain cells
- triggered by certain genes
- essential process in normal development

Front 94

What is pattern formation?

Back 94

during embryonic development, emergence of a body form with specialized organs and tissues in the right place

Front 95

mediate between the chemical signal received by the cell and the resulting change in gene expression and other responses by the cell.

Back 95

What is the purpose of signal transduction pathways involved in induction?

Front 96

What is homeotic genes?

Back 96

master control gene that determines the identity of a body structure of a developing organism, presumably by controlling the developmental fate of a group of cells

Front 97

What are homeoboxes?

Back 97

180 nucleotide sequence within a homeotic gene and some other developmental genes

Front 98

What is gestation?

Back 98

- pregnancy
- state of carrying young with the female reproductive tract

Front 99

What is conception?

Back 99

fertilization of the egg by a sperm cell in humans

Front 100

What is blastocyst?

Back 100

mammalian embryo made up of a hollow ball of cells that results from cleavage and that implants in the mother's endometrium

Front 101

What is trophoblast?

Back 101

- in mammalian development over portion of a blastocyst
- cells of this __________ secrete enzymes that enable the blastocyst to implant in the endometrium of the mother's uterus

Front 102

What is the placenta?

Back 102

- in most mammals, the organ that provides nutrients and oxygen to the embryo and helps dispose of its metabolic waste
- formed of the embryo's chorion and the mother's endometrial blood vessels

Front 103

What is the extraembryonic membranes?

Back 103

- consist of 4 membranes; yolk sac amnion, chorion, and allantois
- form of life support system for the developing embryo of reptile, bird, or mammal

Front 104

What is the amnion?

Back 104

in vertebrae animals, extraembryonic membrane that encloses the fluid-filled amniotic sac containing the embryo

Front 105

What is the yolk sac?

Back 105

- extra embryonic membrane that develops from the endoderm
- produces the embryo's 1st blood cells and germ cells and gives rise to allantois

Front 106

What is allantois?

Back 106

- extraembryonic membrane that develops from the yolk sac
- helps dispose of the embryo's nitragenous wastes and forms part of the umbillical cord in mammals.

Front 107

What is chorion?

Back 107

in animals, outermost extraembryonic membrane, which becomes the mammalian embryo's part of the placenta

Front 108

What is the humanchorion gonadotropin?

Back 108

- hormone secreted by the chorion that maintains the production of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum of the ovary during the first few months of pregnancy
- secreted in the urine which is the basis for many home pregnancy tests

Front 109

What is chorionic villi?

Back 109

- outgrowths of the chorion, containing embryonic blood vessels
- part of the placenta, so it absorbs nutrients and oxygen from, and pass waste into, the mother's bloodstream

Front 110

What is trimester?

Back 110

- in human developments, one of three 3 month long periods of pregnancy

Front 111

What is labor?

Back 111

series of events that expel the infant from the uterus

Front 112

What is positive feedback?

Back 112

- type of control in which a change triggers mechanisms that amplify that change

Front 113

What is infertility?

Back 113

inability to conceive after 1 year of regular unprotected sex

Front 114

What is impotence?

Back 114

- inability to maintain an erection
- aka erectile dysfunction

Front 115

What is assisted reproductive technologies?

Back 115

procedure that involves surgically removing eggs from a woman's ovaries, fertilizing them, and then returning to the woman's body

Front 116

What is in vintro fertilization?

Back 116

uniting sperm and egg in a laboratory container, followed by the placement of resulting early embryo in the mother's uterus.