Chapter 26 Reproduction And Development

Front 1

Reproduction

Back 1

Is the creation of new individuals from existing ones.

Front 2

Asexual reproduction

Back 2

Is reproduction without sex

Creates offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.

Hint 2

eliminates the needs to find a mate. allows a population to perpetuate itself if its individual members are isolated from one another and permits organisms to multiply quickly without spending time or energy producing sperm and eggs.

Front 3

Budding

Back 3

Is a type of asexual reproduction.

Produces offspring by the outgrowth and eventual splitting off of a new individual from the parent.

Front 4

During the asexual process of _____ a parent separate into two or more offspring of about equal size.

Back 4

Fussion

Front 5

_______ is the breaking of a parent body into several pieces.

Back 5

Fragmentation.

Front 6

Regeneration

Back 6

Typically follows fragmentation and is the regrowth of lost body parts.

Front 7

Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring, which limits a population change of surviving period of ________ change

Back 7

Environmental

Front 8

Fusion of two haploid sex called

The formation of a

Back 8

Gametes and sperm and egg

Formation Zygote

Front 9

Sexual reproduction increases the

Back 9

Genetic variability among offspring and chances that some of the varying offspring will survive and reproduce.

Front 10

Some animals can reproduce

Back 10

Sexual and asexual

Front 11

In some species, each individual is a ____

Back 11

Hermaphrodite

Front 12

Some hermaphrodities can fertilize their own ______, while other species require a partner.

Back 12

Eggs

Front 13

The mechanics of ________ play an important part in sexual reproduction

Back 13

Fertilization

Front 14

Many Aquatic animals use

Back 14

External fertilization and discharge their gametes into water.

Front 15

Both sexes of human have

Back 15

A pair of GONADS that produce gametes

Ducts to store and deliver the gametes and structure that allow mating

Front 16

The Penis

Back 16

Contains erectile tissue that fills with blood and become erect during sexual arousal.

Front 17

An prepuce ( foreskin)

Back 17

Covers the glands

May be removed surgically in procedure known as circumcision.

Front 18

The males glands ( tested)

Back 18

Are enclosed in sac called the scrotum and produce sperms

Front 19

A testis and scrotum together are called _______

Back 19

Testicle

Front 20

During __________ sperm leave the epididymis and travel through a duct called the vas deferens.

Back 20

Ejaculation

Front 21

The ________ and _______ add fluid that nourishes the sperms and provides protection from the natural acidity of the vagina.

Back 21

Seminal vesicles and prostate gland.

Front 22

The Urethra conveys through the penis, at different times, both_____ and ______

Back 22

Semen and Urine

Front 23

The outer features of the female reproductive tract collectively called ____

Back 23

Vulva

Hint 23

Female Representative Anatomy.

Front 24

The vulva consist of

Back 24

the VAGINA or birth cancal

the LABIA MAJORA fatty ridges that protect the entire genital region

Front 25

Inner folds bordering the openings is called the what?

Back 25

Labia Minora

Front 26

Partially covering the vaginal opening is called

Back 26

Hymen

Front 27

Which becomes erect upon sexual arousal is called

Back 27

Clitoris

Front 28

The ovaries

Back 28

are the sites of gamete producation

Front 29

The ovaries contains____ consisting of a single egg surrounded by cells that nourish and protect it.

Back 29

Follicles

Hint 29

The Follicles also produces estrogen, the female sex hormonoe

Front 30

During ovulation, an immature egg,

Back 30

is ejected from a follicle and enters the oviduct, where fertilization typically occurs.

Front 31

The remains of the follicle grow to form a solid mass, the _____ which secretes hormones during the reproductive cycle

Back 31

Corpus Luteum

Front 32

The Uterus is the what?

Back 32

the actual site of pregnancy and lined by a think blood-rich layer of tissues.

Front 33

the endometrium is where an ?

Back 33

embryo implants and grow

Front 34

An embryo for the

Back 34

first nine weeks

Front 35

An the fetus is from

Back 35

the 9th week to until birth

Front 36

The cervix

Back 36

is the narrow neck at the bottom of the pear-shaped uterus and opens into the vagina

Front 37

Gametogenesis

Back 37

use meiosis and produces haploid celles called gametes

Front 38

Humans have

Back 38

diploid cells with 46 chromosomes.

haploid cells with 23 chromosomes

Hint 38

How many chromosomes do we have in our body?

Front 39

Spermatogensis

Back 39

is the formation of sperm cells and it occurs in the seminiferous tubules inside the testes.

Front 40

The Primary spermatocytes are

Back 40

diploid cells

undergo meiosis 1 and produces secondary spermatocytes

Front 41

Secondary spermatocytes undergo _____, each with haploid from each primary spermatocyte

Back 41

Meiosis II

Front 42

Is the development of eggs within the ovaries

Back 42

Oogensis

Front 43

A primary Oocyte

Back 43

is a diploid cell that pauses during prophase of Meiosis I

Front 44

can be triggered to develop further by the hormone FSH to produce

Back 44

a secondary oocyte

a small polar body with almost no cytoplasm.

Front 45

Meiosis II produces

Back 45

a mature ovum

another polar body

Front 46

Both oogenesis and spermatogensis produce ____

Back 46

haploid gametes

Hint 46

Look at thee notes for the differences.

Front 47

Spermatogenesis produces ___ gametes from each diploid parent cell

Back 47

Four

Front 48

Oogenesis produces only___ gamete from each diploid parent cell

Back 48

One

Front 49

Sperm are what ?

While eggs are what?

Back 49

S- are small and motile

E-are large nonmotile

Front 50

Human females have a reproductive cycle, a recurring series of event that ?

Back 50

produces gametes

makes eggs available for fertilization and prepares the body for pregnancy.

Front 51

The female reproductive cycle is actually two cycles in one

Back 51

1. the ovarain cycle controls the growth and release of an egg and 2. the menstrual cycle prepares the uterus for possible of an embryo.

Front 52

Homonal messages coordinate what?

Back 52

the ovarian and menstrual cycles

Front 53

Menstruation is

Back 53

uterine bleeding

caused by breakdown of the endometrium

Front 54

Two issues of human reproductive health are?

Back 54

contraception and sexually transmitted diseases. ( STD)

Front 55

What is the only totally effective method of contraception

Back 55

Complete abstinence

Front 56

prevents sperm from reaching an egg and is very reliable

Back 56

Sterilization surgery

Front 57

The oviducts are cut and tied off in a

Back 57

tubal ligation

Front 58

The vas deferens are cut, preventing sperm from reaching the urethra is called what?

Back 58

in a vasectomy

Front 59

is also called the rhythm method or natural family planning and depends on refraining from intercourse during the days around ovulation.

Back 59

Temporary abstinence

Front 60

Sexually transmitted diseases are?

Back 60

contagious diseases and spread by sexual contact.

Front 61

Viral STD

Back 61

cannot be cured but can be controlled by medication and include-- AIDS, genital herpes and genital warts

Front 62

Chlamydia

Back 62

is the most common bacterial STD in the untied states

Hint 62

may lead to pelvic inflammatory and infertility and can be easily treated with a single dose of an antibiotic

Front 63

Embryonic development begins with ___ the union of sperm and egg to form a ______

Back 63

Fertilization ; zygote

Front 64

The shape of a human sperm is streamlined, which helps it swim through fluids in the what?

Back 64

vagina

uterus

oviduct

Front 65

A blastocyst

Back 65

forms about 6 -7 days after fertilization and consists of a fluid-filled hollow ball.

a small clump of inner cells called the inner cells mass,which eventually form a fetus.

Front 66

After 9 days after conception, the embryo

Back 66

undergoes gastrulation,an organized migration of cell.

Front 67

and three main tissues layers that establish the basic body plan?

Back 67

Ectodern, the outer layer that forms the nervous system and skin.

Mesoderm, the middle layer that forms the heart,kidneys and muscles.

Endoderm, the innermost layer that becomes the lining the digestive tract.

Front 68

in the process called _____, one group of cells influences the development of an adjacent group of cells

Back 68

Induction

Front 69

Programmed cell death( Apoptosis)

Back 69

selectively kills cells to reshape the embryo and is used to form fingers and toes.

Front 70

The early stages of human development begin in the oviduct with?

Back 70

Fertilization and Cleavage

Front 71

About 1 week after conception,

Back 71

the embryo has become a blastocyst, the inner cells mass made up of steam cell. also implants in the uterine wall, and the outer embryonic cell layer.

Front 72

the trophpblast, starts to form parts of the placenta the organs that?

Back 72

provides nourishment and oxygen to the embryo and helps dispose of metabolic waste

Front 73

About a month after conception, four supporting pieces of equipment have formed,

Back 73

1. amnion sacs- fuild-filled sac that encloses and protects the embryo.

2. yolk sac- which produces the first blood cells first gamete-production cells in the gonads.

3. the allantois-which helps form the umbilical cord.

4. the chorion, which contributes to the placenta.

Front 74

The placenta

Back 74

develops fingerlike chorionic villi that absorb nutrients and oxygen from the mothers blood and passes these substances to the embryo and allows protective antibodies to pass from the mother to the fetus.

Front 75

The first trimester, about five weeks after fertilization, the embryo has developed,

Back 75

a brain and spinal cord

four stumpy limb buds,and a short tail.

Front 76

About 9 weeks, after fertilization,

Back 76

the embryo is called a fetus

the embryo has called of its organs and major body part and the embryo limb buds have became tiny arms and legs and arms.

Front 77

The second trimester, at about 14 weeks of development, the fetus

Back 77

is about 6cm (2.4 inches) long and starts to look distincity human

Front 78

At 20 weeks, the fetus,

Back 78

is about 19 cm (7.6 inches long) weighs about half a kilogram and has the face of an infant.

Front 79

Childbirth

Back 79

the birth of a child is brought about by a serious of strong, rhythmic contractions of the uterus called labor

Hint 79

Hormones such as oxytocin, a powerful stimulant of the smooth muscle walls in the uterus ,play a key role in inducing labor.

Front 80

Labor involves three stages

Back 80

1. dilation- the longest stage of labor which increase the opening of the cervix.

2. expulsion- which results in the delivery of the child and the placenta usually within 15 minutes after the birth of the baby.

Front 81

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two haploid sex called

Back 81

gametes ( sperm and eggs) and formation of a zygote.