Chapter 23 - Digestion

Front 1

Which major process involves the elimination of indigestible substances from the body via the anus?

Back 1

Defecation

Front 2

Where does the process of segmentation occur?

Back 2

Small Intestine

Front 3

The major means of propelling food through the digestive tract is _______.

Back 3

Peristalsis

Front 4

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________.

Back 4

Chemical Digestion

Front 5

The __________ is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal body wall.

Back 5

Parietal Peritoneum

Front 6

Which layer of the alimentary canal is constructed from either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium?

Back 6

Mucosa

Front 7

Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis?

Back 7

Muscularis Externa

Front 8

The innermost tissue layer of the alimentary canal is the __________.

Back 8

Mucosa

Front 9

The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________.

Back 9

Mesenteries

Front 10

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.

Back 10

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Externa, Serosa

Front 11

The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodules, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the ________.

Back 11

Submucosa

Front 12

What is the function of the soft palate?

Back 12

The soft palate rises reflexively to close off the nasopharynx when swallowing occurs.

Front 13

Which of the following inhibits salvation?

Back 13

Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Front 14

Which teeth are best suited for cutting or nipping off pieces of food in the permanent dentition?

Back 14

Incisors

Front 15

The primary dentition consists of __________ teeth.

Back 15

20

Front 16

Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds?

Back 16

Fungiform and circumvallate

Front 17

T/F - Mumps is an inflammation of the parotid glands caused by myxovirus.

Back 17

True

Front 18

The __________ guards the entry of food into the stomach.

Back 18

Cardiac sphincter (gastoesophogeal)

Front 19

Which of the following components of saliva helps convert food-derived nitrates into nitric oxide (NO)?

Back 19

Bacteria present on the back of the tongue

Front 20

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the stomach?
A. The stomach produces a double-layered coat of alkaline mucus.
B. The stomach releases enzymes to digest carbohydrates.
C. The stomach mucosa is folded into rugae.
D. The stomach has three layers of muscle in the muscularis tunic.

Back 20

The stomach releases enzymes to digest carbohydrates.

Front 21

Which digestive process normally occurs only in the mouth?

Back 21

Ingestion

Front 22

T/F - The pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing is involuntary and is controlled by the swallowing center in the thalamus and lower pons.

Back 22

False

Front 23

T/F - When swallowing, the epiglottis prevents food from entering the larynx.

Back 23

True

Front 24

The mucosa collapses inward when the stomach is empty, forming large folds known as __________.

Back 24

Rugae

Front 25

In the __________ phase of gastric secretion, chyme is moved into the duodenum.

Back 25

Intestinal

Front 26

The __________ is the last segment of the small intestine.

Back 26

Ileum

Front 27

In a patient suffering from a gastric ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori, the cells most likely to have been damaged first are the ______.

Back 27

Mucous Cells

Front 28

Before and during vomiting, the emetic center initiates motor responses that involve ______.
A. sympathetic neurons
B. parasympathetic neurons
C. the somatic nervous system
D. All of the listed responses are correct.

Back 28

All of the listed responses are correct. (Stomach emptying that occurs with vomiting requires several events. Receptors in the stomach are activated and send signals to the emetic center found in the medulla. Several motor responses are initiated including diaphragmatic contraction, relaxation of the gastroesophageal sphincter, and elevation the soft palate.)

Front 29

What role of the stomach is essential to life?

Back 29

Production of intrinsic factor.

Front 30

A patient was admitted to the hospital because of severe epigastric pain. He has noted that his stools were darker than the usual brown color. He appears pale and very anxious. The history reports that he drinks 2-3 beers per day and smokes 2 packs of cigarettes a day. Based on the assessment data, what condition might the nurse determine this patient has, and why?

Back 30

The patient most likely has a bleeding gastric ulcer. The most distressing symptom of a gastric ulcer is gnawing epigastric pain that seems to bore through to the back. As his stools are darker than usual and he is pale and anxious, he probably has a bleeding ulcer.

Front 31

Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier?
A. tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cells
B. thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus
C. replacing of damaged epithelial mucosa cells
D. production of intrinsic factor

Back 31

Production of the intrinsic factor.

Front 32

Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________.

Back 32

Hydrochloric acid

Front 33

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?

Back 33

B12

Front 34

Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________.

Back 34

The vagus nerve and enteric plexus.

Front 35

T/F - Gastric accommodation is an example of smooth muscle plasticity.

Back 35

True

Front 36

T/F - Some of the microbes that often invade other organs of the body are rarely found in the stomach. The reason for this is the presence of HCl.

Back 36

True

Front 37

T/F - The stomach's contractile rhythm is set by pacemaker cells found in the spinal cord.

Back 37

False

Front 38

T/F - Fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach.

Back 38

True

Front 39

T/F - Most gastric ulcers are due to excessive production of hydrochloric acid.

Back 39

False

Front 40

What structural modification of the small intestine slows the movement of chyme through the lumen?

Back 40

Circular Folds

Front 41

Which cells of the small intestine secrete enterogastrones, such as secretin and cholecystokinin?

Back 41

Enteroendocrine Cells

Front 42

Which duct carries bile out of bile ducts in the liver?

Back 42

Common Hepatic Duct

Front 43

Which vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver from the digestive tract?

Back 43

Hepatic Portal Vein

Front 44

Which chemical activates the transformation of trypsinogen to trypsin?

Back 44

Enteropeptidase

Front 45

What triggers the release of secretin from the small intestine?

Back 45

presence of acidic, fatty chyme in the small intestine

Front 46

Bile is produced by the _______.

Back 46

Liver

Front 47

Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur in the __________.

Back 47

Small Intestine

Front 48

T/F - The liver is able to regenerate even after 50% of its original mass is lost.

Back 48

True

Front 49

Cirrhosis can cause ______.

Back 49

A bleeding disorder.

Front 50

What is the major digestive function of the pancreas?

Back 50

Production of digestive enzymes.

Front 51

Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile?

Back 51

Cholecystokinin

Front 52

The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?

Back 52

Plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli.

Front 53

Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?

Back 53

Lipids

Front 54

How are most nutrients absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villa?

Back 54

Active transport driven directly or indirectly by metabolic energy.

Front 55

T/F - The circular folds of the small intestine enhance absorption by causing the chyme to spiral, rather than to move in a straight line, as it passes through the small intestine.

Back 55

True

Front 56

T/F - Kupffer cells are found in the liver and are responsible for removing bacteria and worn-out cells.

Back 56

True

Front 57

T/F - Peyer's patches are found in the submucosa of the distal end of the small intestine.

Back 57

True

Front 58

Which of the following propels food residue over large areas of the colon three to four times a day?

Back 58

Mass Movement

Front 59

What is the function of the bacterial flora that inhabit the large intestine?

Back 59

Bacterial flora synthesize B-complex vitamins and some of the vitamin K needed by the liver.

Front 60

Which of the following is the primary function of the large intestine?

Back 60

Defecation

Front 61

The appendix contains masses of lymphoid tissue and therefore has leukocytes capable of attacking bacteria present in the appendix. But during appendicitis, bacteria trapped in the lumen of the appendix are not effectively attacked because ______.

Back 61

there is an inadequate blood supply to the appendix wall

Front 62

The formation of diverticula involves, most significantly, the ______.

Back 62

weakening of the colon's submucosa

Front 63

Which of the following processes occurs only in the large intestine?

Back 63

Defecation

Front 64

A woman is brought to an emergency room complaining of severe pain in her left iliac region. She claims previous episodes and says that the condition is worse when she is constipated, and is relieved by defecation. A large, tender mass is palpated in the left iliac fossa and a barium study reveals a large number of diverticula in her descending and sigmoid colon. Does this woman have diverticulitis or diverticulosis, and why?

Back 64

She has diverticulitis due to the inflammation of her diverticula.

Front 65

Paneth cells ________.

Back 65

Secrete enzymes that kill bacteria.

Front 66

Enzymatic breakdown of which of the following compounds doesn’t begin until it reaches the stomach?

A. proteins
B. carbohydrates
C. lipids

Back 66

Proteins

Front 67

Which of the following enzymes is important for breaking down protein?
A. pepsin
B. amylase
C. lipase

Back 67

Pepsin

Front 68

Which of the following enzymes is important for the digestion of fat?
A. trypsin
B. pepsin
C. pancreatic amylase
D. pancreatic lipase

Back 68

Pancreatic Lipase

Front 69

In the small intestine, which of the following enzymes breaks down maltose?
A. sucrase
B. lactase
C. glucoamylase
D. dextrinase
E. maltase

Back 69

Maltase

Front 70

The breakdown products of which of the following are absorbed into lacteals?
A. proteins
B. fats
C. carbohydrates

Back 70

Fats

Front 71

Which of the following are mismatched?
A. amylase: carbohydrate digestion
B. protease: lipid digestion
C. nuclease: DNA and RNA digestion
D. lipase: fat digestion

Back 71

Protease: lipid digestion

Front 72

Which enzymes are responsible for the final chemical breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids?

Back 72

Brush Border Enzymes

Front 73

Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?

Back 73

Lipase

Front 74

Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins?

Back 74

Trypsin

Front 75

T/F - The major role of absorption in the ileum is to reclaim bile salts to be recycled back to the liver.

Back 75

True

Front 76

When a baby ingests breast milk, the milk's IgA antibodies may be absorbed into the baby's bloodstream because ______.

Back 76

Many pepsinogen molecules remain unchanged. (Pepsinogen is the inactive form of the enzyme pepsin. Pepsin functions to initiate the breakdown of proteins.)

Front 77

How are fats absorbed into the blood?

Back 77

In the form of chylomicrons.

Front 78

Select the correct statement about electrolyte absorption.
A. Potassium moves across the epithelium by active transport.
B. Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum.
C. If vitamin B is not present, calcium is not absorbed.
D. Chlorine ion absorption is coupled to glucose and amino acid transport.

Back 78

Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum.

Front 79

T/F - Ionic iron is actively transported into the mucosal cells, where it binds to the protein ferritin, a phenomenon called the mucosal iron barrier.

Back 79

True

Front 80

Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive system?

Back 80

Intestines

Front 81

The major site for nutrient absorption is the __________.

Back 81

Small Intestine

Front 82

T/F - The primary goal of digestive tract regulatory mechanisms is to optimize nutrient breakdown and absorption.

Back 82

True

Front 83

The serous membrane that covers the external surface of most digestive organs is called the __________.

Back 83

Visceral Peritoneum

Front 84

__________ circulation collects nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract and delivers it to the liver.

Back 84

Hepatic Portal

Front 85

Protective outermost layer of the alimentary canal.

Back 85

Serosa

Front 86

Main site of nutrient absorption.

Back 86

Mucosa

Front 87

Moderately dense connective tissue that has a rich supply of blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers.

Back 87

Submucosa

Front 88

Responsible for segmentation and peristalsis.

Back 88

Muscularis Externa

Front 89

T/F - Saliva contains enzymes that break down proteins

Back 89

False

Front 90

The permanent dentition consists of __________ teeth in a full set.

Back 90

32

Front 91

T/F - A weak gastroesophageal sphincter can result in heartburn.

Back 91

True

Front 92

Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?

Back 92

The stomach chemically digests lipids.

Front 93

The phases of gastric secretion from first to last are __________.

Back 93

Cephalic phase, Gastric phase, Intestinal phase

Front 94

The increased concentration of HCO3- in blood draining from the stomach is called __________.

Back 94

The Alkaline Tide

Front 95

The __________ is the first segment of the small intestine.

Back 95

Duodenum

Front 96

Digestion of carbohydrates and proteins by brush border enzymes occurs within the ________ of the small intestine.

Back 96

Microvilli

Front 97

Bile is stored and concentrated in the __________.

Back 97

Gallbladder

Front 98

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the liver?

Back 98

It has three lobes.

Front 99

__________ is NOT found in pancreatic secretions.

Back 99

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Front 100

T/F - Most digestion occurs in the small intestine.

Back 100

True

Front 101

Bacterial flora in the large intestine do NOT produce __________.

Back 101

Intrinsic Factor

Front 102

T/F - Diarrhea results when food passes too quickly through the large intestine.

Back 102

True

Front 103

Pepsin enzymatically digests __________.

Back 103

Protein

Front 104

T/F - Someone on a fat-free diet would not efficiently absorb vitamin D from their diet.

Back 104

True