Autonomic Nervous System Essay

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1. Through which organs, and in what order does the bolus of food travel?
• The bolus of food first travels to the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and then to the large intestine.

2. How long does the food remain in each segment of the digestive tract and what physiological processing takes place during this time?
• Chemical and mechanical digestion begins in the oral cavity. Temperature, taste, texture are sensed, and the saliva helps the chemical digestion because it is secreted by the salivary glands. The breakdown of the enzymes in the saliva helps the food to be swallowed. The mechanical breakdown of the food is from the teeth, and when the food is swallowed, the pharynx is where the food is passed. The oral cavity and esophagus are connected because of the pharynx. The food is moved down to the stomach by the esophagus, so the bolus is in the stomach. Acting as a storage organ, breaking down the bolus mechanically, and secreting gastric juices to cause chemical digestion are the processes of the stomach. The main digestion source is the small intestine, and it is the site for absorption for fats, sugars, water, and proteins. The large intestine is connected to the small intestine and it helps with absorbing salts, and water to help with waste. Fluid enters the large intestine first but once there is absorption of water, only food and bacteria remains undigested. About 3-4 times a day contractions happen in the large intestine so the fecal matter is moved to the rectum and sigmoid colon. 3.
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What role does the autonomic nervous system play in controlling the movement of food through the digestive tract? What other physical or physiological factors can impact the movement of food though the digestive tract?
• The autonomic nervous system is in control of the processes that are not voluntary controlled. It also controls the movement of food that is passed through the digestive tract. The ANS Is responsible for the secretion of hormones that help in the physiological and physical breakdowns of the food that moves throughout the digestive system.

4. What specific enzyme or other digestive substances are associated with each segment of the digestive tract and which cells produce these substances? What specific components of the chicken and rice (proteins, carbohydrates, etc.) are processed by each of these substances?
• In each segment of the digestive tract there are different substance like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and lipids that are present. There are also different types of enzymes present like amylase, and lipase that are secreted by cells that are found in the digestive tract. Chicken has mainly protein that is processed, and rice mainly has carbohydrates. 5. What role do the accessory digestive organs play in the process? What are the specific cells of each of these accessory organs and what substances do they produce? Where in the digestive tract are the substances introduced into the digestive process? • The pancreas, liver, and gallbladder make up the accessory digestive organs. The three help in the chemical digestion of food that passes throughout the small intestine. An enzyme is produced from the pancreas to help break down proteins into amino acids, fats into fatty acids and glycerol, starch into maltose, and then the nucleus, which then digests DNA and RNA. A hormone is also produced by the pancreas that helps in the control of levels of blood sugar. The urea and bile is produced by the liver, and it metabolizes and stores fat, stores vitamins, and amino acids, sugars and toxins are metabolized. The function of the gallbladder is to store and concentrate bile to help to release it into the duodenum during digestions. By this process it helps to emulsify fats, is a channel to help the excretion of toxins, and help the intestinal peristalsis stimulate. 6. What is the ultimate fate of the digested chicken and rice? What was the initial biological structure of the nutritional components first consumed (example proteins breaking down to their simpler components) and what are the resulting products resulting from digestion that are now ready and available for use by the body for energy and homeostasis? • The chicken

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