Chapter 21: Blood Vessels And Hemodynamics

Front 1

How does the cardiovascular (CV) system contribute to homeostasis?

Back 1

1. Transport blood

2. Deliver materials, oxygen, nutrients, and hormones

3. Homeostasis to carry away waste products

Front 2

Blood Vessels

Back 2

A closed system of tubes that carry blood, the major circulatory route.

Front 3

Hemodynamics

Back 3

The forces involved in circulating the blood through the body.

Front 4

3 basic functions of blood vessels

Back 4

1. Carry blood

2. Thermoregulation

3. Regulate blood pressure

Front 5

5 main types of blood vessels

Back 5

Arteries > arterioles > capillaries > venules > veins

Front 6

Basic anatomy & physiology of a blood vessel. Structure & Function

Back 6

Structure: hollow lumen in the center.

Function: carry blood to and from heart.

Front 7

3 layers of blood vessel

Back 7

1. Tunica interna: innermost layer, lines the lumen, has basement membrane and internal elastic lamina as its two sublayers.

2. Tunica media: middle and thickest layer, contains smooth muscle that controls diameter of vessels.

3. Tunica externa: outermost layer, made of elastin and collagen fibers.

Front 8

Arterioles

Back 8

Smaller arteries that supply the capillaries. Have more tunica interna as they get deeper in the tissue.

Front 9

Anastomoses

Back 9

Union of two or more arteries that supply same region

Front 10

Capillaries & Function

Back 10

Microscopic vessels at the deepest layer of tissue. Function is the exchange of nutrients and gasses and wastes. So narrow that only 1-2 RBCs can move through at a time.

Front 11

Venules

Back 11

Small veins coming from the capillaries to the larger veins. Have more tunica externa.

Front 12

Veins: structure & function

Back 12

Function is to carry blood to the heart. Blood is under less pressure in the veins, and 64% of our blood is in veins at any given time. Have 1-way valves and larger lumen.

Front 13

How does blood move through the veins?

Back 13

It depends upon...

1. The one way valves

2. The nearby contracting of skeletal muscles create a pump

3. The pressure change due to breathing can create a respiratory pump

4. Pumping action of the heart

Front 14

Blood flow

Back 14

The volume of blood flowing through the tissue in a given time, also called cardiac output.

CO = total blood flow = HR x SV

Front 15

Blood Pressure

Back 15

The pressure exerted on the walls of the vessels. Is highest in the aorta and other large systemic arteries.

Front 16

Blood Pressure is determined by...

Back 16

1. Cardiac output

2. Blood volume (if increased volume then increased pressure)

3. Vascular resistance (is there friction between the blood and the vessel walls / anything impeding flow?)

Front 17

What is normal BP?

Back 17

120/80 or 110/70

Front 18

Systolic blood pressure

Back 18

Highest pressure attained by arteries during systole (aka contraction)

Front 19

Diastolic blood pressure

Back 19

Lowest pressure during diastole

Front 20

What is BP measured in?

Back 20

mmHg ("millimeters of mercury)

Example: 120/80 = 40mmHg

Front 21

Where is blood measured in the body for pressure? With what device?

Back 21

Left brachial artery, with a Sphygmomanometer.

Front 22

Korotkoff sounds

Back 22

Sounds you hear while taking blood pressure.

Front 23

What is Pulse pressure?

Back 23

Difference between systolic & diastolic

Front 24

How are blood pressure and flow controlled?

Back 24

Via negative feedback loops

Front 25

Incoming sensory input comes from?

Back 25

1. Baroreceptors (called the carotid sinus reflux and aortic reflex)

2. Chemoreceptors (which measure chemical conditions, such as Hypoxia or Acidosis)

3. Proprioceptors (send muscular information and diameter of vessels)

Front 26

What are the parts of the cardiac control center? Location?

Back 26

Cardioaccelerator center (speeds up heart) & Cardioinhibitory center (slows down the heart)

Location: Medulla oblongata. (Brain)

Front 27

CV center of the __________ evaluates and decides action.

Back 27

Medulla oblongata

Front 28

Outgoing messages from brain create parasympathetic response via...?

Back 28

ACH, and cranial nerve #10

Front 29

Outgoing messages from brain create sympathetic response via...?

Back 29

Cardiac accelerator nerve

Front 30

Which hormones raise BP?

Back 30

1. Epinephrine

2. Norepinephrine

3. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

4. Angiotension ll

5. Aldosterone

Front 31

Which hormones lower BP?

Back 31

1. Histamine

2. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Front 32

4 types of shock

Back 32

1. Hypovolemic shock

2. Cardiogenic shock

3. Vascular shock

4. Obstructive shock

Front 33

Hypovolemic shock

Back 33

Due to decreased blood volume.

Example = hemorrhage or fluid loss (diarrhea, vomiting, diabetes)

Front 34

Cardiogenic shock

Back 34

Due to poor heart function.

Example: myocardial infarction

Front 35

Obstructive shock

Back 35

Obstruction of blood flow

Example = pulmonary embolism or clot.

Front 36

Vascular shock

Back 36

Due to inappropriate vasodilation

Example = septic shock, and anaphylactic shock.

Front 37

Hypertension

Back 37

High blood pressure, makes the heart work harder, more likely to have kidney damage.

Front 38

Aneurysm

Back 38

Weakened section of an artery or vein bulging out. If ruptured, could have stroke or death.

Front 39

Venous thrombosis

Back 39

Clots in veins.

Front 40

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

Back 40

The part of the involuntary nervous system that serves to slow the heart rate, increase intestinal and glandular activity, and relax the sphincter muscles.

Front 41

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 41

A part of the nervous system that serves to accelerate the heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and raise blood pressure.

Front 42

What are negative feedback loops?

Back 42

A process in which a change from the normal range of function elicits a response that opposes or resists that change.