Chapter 16-17

Front 1

Absolutism

Back 1

-supreme sovereignty is embodied in the ruler
-monarchs claimed rule by divine right
-state attempted to control all aspects of culture
-success dependent on finances
-glorification of the state

Front 2

Duke of Sully

Back 2

(Maximilian de Bethune)
-Henry IV's minister
-reduced debt and sponsored economic expansion
-lowered taxes on peasants

Front 3

Who laid the foundations for French absolutism?

Back 3

Cardinal Richelieu

Front 4

Cardinal Richelieu

Back 4

-minister to Louis XIII
-restricted noble power
-used intendants
-Anti-Habsburg foreign policy

Front 5

Jules Mazarin

Back 5

-Richelieu's successor
-his policies led to the Fronde

Front 6

The Fronde

Back 6

-civil war between the monarchy and the middle class/nobility who held government offices and felt they were being antagonized by the monarchy
-hurt the French economy
-persuaded Louis XIV that only absolutism could combat anarchy
-monarchy learned that it needed to compromise with officials

Front 7

How did Louis XIV achieve absolutism?

Back 7

He collaborated with the nobility, allowing both the nobles and the monarchy to gain some influence

Front 8

How did Louis XIV limit the powers of the nobles?

Back 8

He required them to live at Versailles for at least part of the year

Front 9

What did Versailles symbolize?

Back 9

It represented power and influenced rulers all around Europe. Many other rulers copied his palace, and grand architecture became a symbol of power and authority.

Front 10

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Back 10

-Louis XIV's financial minister
-mercantilist policy based on selling abroad but buying nothing back
-led to development of manufacturing, but economy largely based on agriculture

Front 11

What was a major weakness of French absolutism?

Back 11

An inadequate tax base - peasants were heavily burdened while the nobility and middle classes were often exempt

Front 12

Why did Louis XIV revoke the Edict of Nantes? What was the result?

Back 12

He believed that religious unity was essential to his absolute rule.
Many Huguenots converted or fled, though minimal damage was done to the economy.

Front 13

French Classicism

Back 13

-imitation of classical subjects and styles
-efforts directed to glorification of the state/king
-Nicholas Poussin, Jean-Baptiste Lully, Francois Couperin, Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Moliere, Jean Racine

Front 14

Francois le Tellier

Back 14

-Louis's Secretary of War
-created a professional army controlled by the state (the king)

Front 15

Jean Marinet

Back 15

-reformed the army
-introduced an ambulance corps and commissariat
-modernized it with new weapons and uniforms
-introduced training and promotion systems

Front 16

What was the issue in the War of Spanish Succession?

Back 16

Charles II (could not have children) of Spain was about to die. The monarchs of Europe decided to split Spanish holdings between Louis and the Habsburg ruler, relations of Charles. However, Charles left Spanish rule to Louis's grandson, Philip of Anjou, in his will. Louis ignored his agreement and accepted the will, as it could potentially give him control of Spain.

Front 17

The Grand Alliance

Back 17

-opposed France in the War of the Spanish Succession
-led by Prince Eugene of Savoy and John Churchill of England (duke of Marlborough)
-included the English, Dutch (who provided many of the funds), Austrians, & Prussians
-they didn't win decisive victories, but they did prevent further French expansion
-represent European balance-of-power

Front 18

The Peace of Utrecht

Back 18

-ended the WSS
-Philip got Spanish crown, though Spanish and French crowns forbidden to ever unite
-England gained French territory & some of Spain's lands
-represented balance of power, expanded British empire, completed decline of Spain as an international power, and ended French expansion policies

Front 19

Spain in the 1600s

Back 19

-weak
-its peak had been in the 1500s

Front 20

Why was Spain weakening?

Back 20

-lost some trade with the colonies (they became more self-sufficient)
-Precious metals decreased, yet expenditures exceeded income
-state forced to declare bankruptcy several times
-small middle class

Front 21

Count Duke Olivares

Back 21

(Gaspar de Guzman)
-minister to Philip IV
-believed that the solution to Spain's problems was to return to imperialism
-got Spain involved in the 30 Years' War

Front 22

Treaty of the Pyrenees

Back 22

1659
gave France vast Spanish holdings, ending Spain's great power

Front 23

Don Quixote

Back 23

written by Miguel de Cervantes
describes 16th Century Spanish society

Front 24

Constitutionalism

Back 24

-limitation of government by law
-balance between government power and individual rights

Front 25

King James I

Back 25

-Elizabeth's successor
-unpopular
-Scottish
-believed in divine right
-too Catholic

Front 26

How was the House of Commons evolving in the early 1600s?

Back 26

-members became more intelligent, wealthy, and powerful due to economic expansion
-wanted more power

Front 27

What were the causes of the English Civil War (1642-1649)?

Back 27

Archbishop Laud imposed new methods of worship on the English and Scots. The Scots revolted and Charles was forced to ask Parliament for money. Soon, the Irish revolted as well, so Charles led the nobility against Parliament.

Front 28

The Long Parliament

Back 28

-sat from 1640-1660
-passed legislation limiting the King's power in exchange for money to suppress the rebellions

Front 29

Triennial Act (1641)

Back 29

required the king to call Parliament within 3 years

Front 30

What was the result of the English Civil War?

Back 30

-Charles was executed.
-The Interregnum (period between two absolute monarchies) began.
-Military Dictatorship under Oliver Cromwell began.

Front 31

Thomas Hobbes

Back 31

wrote "Leviathan", claiming that sovereignty was derived from the people and given implicitly to the monarch
**power is NOT held by divine right**

Front 32

Oliver Cromwell

Back 32

-leader of the "Protectorate" commonwealth (military dictatorship)
-member of the long Parliament

Front 33

The Protectorate

Back 33

-Constitution: the Instrument of Government was controversial
-divided into military districts
-Puritan values
-toleration of all religions except Roman Catholicism (not popular)
-crushed the Irish Rebellion
-improved the economy through mercantilism
-the Navigation Act
-encouraged Jewish emigration

Front 34

The Navigation Act (1651)

Back 34

-enforced England's mercantilist policies
-required all English goods to be shipped on English vessels
-resulted in a small but successful war with the Dutch
-led to expansion of England's merchant marine

Front 35

How was the monarchy restored?

Back 35

In 1660, Charles II (son of Charles I) was brought back; Parliament, the Church, courts, and local governments were reestablished

Front 36

The Test Act (1673)

Back 36

refused certain rights (voting, office holding, etc.) to those who refused the sacrament of the English Church. Restrictions were difficult to enforce.

Front 37

What was Charles's relationship with Parliament? Why?

Back 37

-good relationship between monarch & legislative
-the Cabal (cabinet)

Front 38

Why did the English dislike Charles II?

Back 38

-he was too pro-Catholic
-he entered into a secret treaty with Louis XIV to encourage Catholicism

Front 39

Why did the English dislike James II?

Back 39

-he was Catholic
-he granted religious freedom
-he ignored the Test Act and appointed Catholics
-his second wife gave birth to a son, who would be Catholic

Front 40

Glorious Revolution

Back 40

-leaders of Parliament invited James's Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange, to rule England
-they were crowned in 1689, endng English divine right monarchy
-recognized Parliamentary supremacy

Front 41

English Bill of Rights

Back 41

-William and Mary had to agree to a Bill of Rights
-protected the powers of Parliament, the rights of the people, and granted freedom of worship, while requiring the monarch to be Protestant

Front 42

John Locke

Back 42

-"Second Treatise of Civil Government" (1690) claimed that government existed to protect peoples' natural rights
-influenced Enlightenment thought and colonial American ideas

Front 43

The Evolution of the Cabinet

Back 43

-the cabinet advised the monarch and was responsible to the Commons
-the position of Prime Minister, the cabinet leader, was 'established' by Robert Walpole

Front 44

The Dutch Estates

Back 44

-a loose confederation
-each estate led by a stadholder, their representative
-estates resisted centralization

Front 45

What were key Dutch industries?

Back 45

-trade
-banking
-transport

Front 46

Why were the Dutch successful?

Back 46

-religious tolerance brought in skilled foreigners
-the Dutch E/W India joint stock Companies allowed them to prosper
-they had a higher standard of living and fewer food riots than the rest of Europe

Front 47

What caused the Dutch decline?

Back 47

the War of Spanish Succession drained resources

Front 48

What was a key difference in western versus eastern serfdom?

Back 48

western peasants were gaining rights whereas eastern serfs were becoming further oppressed

Front 49

Why did the peasantry become further oppressed in eastern Europe?

Back 49

-for political reasons
-weak kings allowed nobles to restrict serf rights
-peasants on the frontier weren't well united
-towns and urban/middle classes were also undermined

Front 50

What played a key role in the development of absolute monarchies?

Back 50

War and threat of war

Front 51

How did absolute monarchs gain or maintain their rule?

Back 51

-imposing permanent taxes
-maintaining standard armies
-conducting their own relations with foreign states

Front 52

What was considered Austria?

Back 52

lands under the Habsburg rule
-Austria
-Bohemia
-Hungary (later)

Front 53

Charles VI's Pragmatic Sanction

Back 53

stated that Habsburg possessions must be passed intact to an heir, who could be a female

Front 54

How did Hungarian absolutism differ from the rest of Austria?

Back 54

the nobility thwarted absolutism via revolt
-they were Protestant
-they saw the Turks as a military ally
-the were determined to remain independent
-Prince Francis Rakoczy led a revolt (1703) which caused Charles VI to restore aristocratic privileges in exchange for their recognition of hereditary Habsburg rule

Front 55

Who headed Prussia?

Back 55

the Hohenzollern family; weak local princes who were easily overpowered by the landed nobility

Front 56

Frederick William (1640-1688)

Back 56

-the "Great Elector"
-created a standing army, which formed the core of his state bureaucracy and enforced taxation
-war & invasion strengthened his requests for money & unity

Front 57

Why was the power of Prussian nobles limited?

Back 57

-the nobles were unwilling to join with urban interests to unite against Frederick William
-FW confirmed their privileges of tax exclusion & peasant control while decreasing the power of the states

Front 58

Elector Frederick III (1688-1713)

Back 58

the "Ostentatious", weak

Front 59

King Frederick William I (1713-1740)

Back 59

the "Soldiers' King"
-fully established absolutism by creating a strong army & influsing military values into society
-saw the world as a power struggle
-created a strong bureaucracy, which was staffed by many commoners & developed the economy
-Junkers became the officer caste
-frugal; almost always at peace

Front 60

Junkers

Back 60

-Prussian nobles
-became the officer caste

Front 61

Who controlled Russia, causing it to eventually unite?

Back 61

the Mongols under Jenghis Khan

Front 62

Ivan I (1328-1341)

Back 62

-the "Moneybag"
-named the Great Prince after defeating the Tver prince
-brought prestige to Moscow

Front 63

Ivan III

Back 63

-expanded Muscovy
-gave conquered lands to the nobility under the condition that they serve him

Front 64

How did Muscovite princes come to see themselve?

Back 64

-absolute rulers...stopped acknowledging the khan as supreme ruler
-the heir of tsars AND Orthodox Christianity

Front 65

Ivan IV (1533-1584)

Back 65

-the "Terrible"
-began reign of terror, leading to depopulation

Front 66

Cossacks

Back 66

groups of peasants who fled to the frontiers, forming their own bands/armies to oppose the tsar's rule

Front 67

How was the middle class affected?

Back 67

-the tsar monopolized commercial activites
-urban merchants were insecure and dependent on the tsar
-checked the growth of the middle class

Front 68

the Time of Troubles (1598-1613)

Back 68

-period of turmoil after the death of Ivan and his son Theodore
-Cossacks led revolts and demanded a true tsar
-fights for power among nobles
-attacks by Poland/Sweden

Front 69

Michael Romanov (1613-1645)

Back 69

-elected tsar by the nobility
-kindly disposed to nobles
-reduced noble obligations while further oppressing peasants

Front 70

Chuch Split

Back 70

-due to reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon
-alienated the masses

Front 71

Stenka Razin

Back 71

led the Cossacks in attacks on the Volga

Front 72

What were the main obligations of the nobility?

Back 72

-limitation of the serfs
-maintaining the tsar

Front 73

Peter the Great (1682-1725)

Back 73

-built up the army
-required (of the nobility) lifetime service in the army or civil administration
-created schools to produce skilled people
-the state owned most industrial enterprises
-serfdom became more oppressive
-westernized & modernized Russia
-a new educated class widened the split between peasants & nobility

Front 74

Baroque Art

Back 74

based on emotion

Front 75

How was baroque art used to enhance absolutism?

Back 75

it glorified the rulers' power and magnificence, especially in architecture

Front 76

How were new royal cities symbolic?

Back 76

They featured imposing buildings, mathematical layouts, and broad avenues. This showcased the rich, the wide roads allowed for easy military access and speed, which were symbols of power.