Chapter 14 Of Neuroscience: Exploring The Brain

Front 1

What do the lateral neuronal and ventromedial neuronal pathways do, and from which brain region are they controlled?

Back 1

Lateral neuronal: cortical control, voluntary movement
Ventromedial neuronal: brainstem control, posture, locomotion, coordinated limb movement

Front 2

Which part of the CNS involves strategy of movement?

Back 2

The neocortex association area and the basal ganglia.

Front 3

Which part of the CNS involves tactics of movement and identifies the specific muscles needed?

Back 3

Cerebellum, motor cortex

Front 4

Which part of the CNS involves execution of movement?

Back 4

The brainstem and the spinal cord.

Front 5

Of the lateral pathways, which has significant origin in the motor cortex, areas 4 and 6, in the frontal lobe?

Back 5

The corticospinal tract.

Front 6

Name, in order, the points along the B. Path (lateral pathway)

Back 6

Cortex -> Internal Capsule near the thalamus -> Cerebral peduncle of the midbrain -> Pons and medulla

Front 7

What is the name of the lateral pathway in the medulla?

Back 7

The pyramidal tract

Front 8

Where in the lateral pathway does decussation occur?

Back 8

In the spinal cord.

Front 9

What kind of therapy is used to help rebuild the strength of a person's weak side after a stroke?

Back 9

Constraint-induced movement therapy, which keeps the person from using her or her strong side and forces the use of the weak.

Front 10

What are the four descending tracts to the spinal cord? What does each accomplish?

Back 10

The vestibulospinal tract: head balance and movement
The tectospinal tract: receives input from retina and visual cortex, aids head orientation for vision
The pontine reticulospinal tract: for maintaining a standing posture
The medullary reticulospinal tract: for reflexive movements

Front 11

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

Back 11

In area 4 in the frontal lobe anterior to the central sulcus (sometimes called the motor strip)

Front 12

Which brain area (4 or 6) is involved in movement planning but not execution?Where else does planning occur?

Back 12

6, the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex

Front 13

What are the five components of the basal ganglia?

Back 13

Globus pallidus, Caudate nucleus, putamen, Subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra.

Front 14

What are the two parts of the striatum? In what larger area does the striatum reside?

Back 14

The striatum is made of the caudate nucleus and the putamen. It's part of the basal ganglia.

Front 15

Parkinson's, a disorder of the basal ganglia, results from a loss of DA input to the ___.

Back 15

putamen

Front 16

Huntington's, a disorder of the basal ganglia, results from a loss of --- inhibition of the thalamus due to basal ganglia neuronal degeneration.

Back 16

GP

Front 17

Ballism, a disorder of the basal ganglia characterized by ---kinesia, results in the loss of subthalamic activation of ---, so VLo is less inhibited than normal.

Back 17

hyperkinesia, GP

Front 18

To what motor pathway does the midline region (vermis) of the cerebellum send input?

Back 18

The ventromedial pathway.

Front 19

For what is the corticopontocerebellar projection pathway important?

Back 19

For executing planned movement and learning motor taks

Front 20

Name the parts of the corticopontocerebellar projection pathway loop.

Back 20

Sensorimotor cortex layer 5 pyramidal cells -> Pons (pontine nucleus) -> lateral cerebellum -> motor cortex via VLc