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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Briefly describe the assumptions of kinetic theory as applied to gases.
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The particles in a gas are considered to be small hard spheres with an insignificant volume.
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Use kinetic theory to explain what causes gas pressure.
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The motion of particles in a gas is rapid, constant, and random.
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How is Kelvin temperature of a substance related to the average kinetic energy of its particles?
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All collisions between particles in a gas are perfectly elastic, meaning that kinetic energy is transferred without loss from one particle to another and total kinetic energy remains constant.
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What factors help determine the physical properties of liquids?
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The interplay between the disruptive motion of particles in a liquid and attractions among the particles determines the physical properties of liquids.
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In terms of kinetic energy, explain how a molecule in a liquid evaporates.
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During evaporation, only those molecules with a certain minimum kinetic energy can escape from the surface of a liquid.
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A liquid is in a closed container and has a constant vapor pressure. What is the relationship between the rate of evaporation of the liquid in the rate of condensation of the vapor in the container?
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In a system at constant vapor pressure, a dynamic equilibrium is it's between the vapor and the liquid. This system is in equilibrium because the rate of evaporation of liquid equals the rate of condensation vapor.
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What condition must exist for a liquid to boil?
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When a liquid is heated to a temperature at which particles throughout the liquid have enough kinetic energy to vaporize, the liquid begins to boil.
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Explain why the boiling point of a liquid varies with atmospheric pressure.
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A liquid boils when its vapor pressure is equal to the external pressure, liquids don't always boil at the same temperature.
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Explain how evaporation lowers the temperature of a liquid.
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As evaporation occurs, the particles with the highest kinetic energy tend to escape first. The particles left in the liquid have a lower average kinetic energy then the particles that have escaped.
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In general, how are particles arranged in solids?
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The general properties of solids reflect the orderly arrangement of their particles in the fixed locations of their particles.
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What does the shape of a crystal tell you about the structure of a crystal?
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The shape of a crystal reflect the arrangement of the particles within the solid.
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How do allotropes of an element differ?
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They have different properties because their structures are different.
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What phases are in equilibrium at a substance's melting point?
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The melting and freezing points of a substances are at the same temperature. At that temperature, the liquid and solid phases are in equilibrium.
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How to do melting points of ionic solids generally compared with those of molecular solids?
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In general ionic solids have high melting points because relatively strong forces hold them together. By contrast, molecular solids have relatively low melting points.
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What properties must a solid have to undergo sublimation?
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Sublimation occurs in solids with vapor pressures exceed atmospheric pressure at or near room temperature.
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What do the curved lines on a phase diagram represent?
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The conditions of pressure and temperature at which two phases is an equilibrium are indicated on a phase diagram by line separating the phases.
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Describe one practical use of sublimation.
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Sublimation can be used to freeze-dry coffee.
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