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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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solute
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the substance that dissolves in the solvent
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solvent
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the substance in which the solute(s) dissolve
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miscible
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soluble in any proportion
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solubility
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(S)
the maximun amount of solute that dissolves in a fixed quantity of a particular solvent at a specified temperature when excess solute is present |
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like-dissolves-like rule
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an emperical observation stating that substances having similar kinds of intermolecular forces dissolve in each other
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hydration shell
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the oriented cluster of water moleucles that surrounds an ion in aqueous solution
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ion-induced dipole force
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the intermolecular attractive force between an ion and the dipole it induces in the electron cloud of a nearby particle
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dipole-induced dipole force
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the intermolecular attraction between apolar moleucle and the oppositely charged pole it indeuces in a nearby molecule
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alloy
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a mixture with metallic properties that consists of solid phases of two or more pure substances, a solid-solid solution, or distinct intermediate phases
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heat of solution
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the enthalpy change occurring when a solution forms from solute and solvent. the sum of the enthalpies from separating solute and solvent molecules and mixing them
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solvation
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the process of surrounding a solute particle with solvent particles
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hydration
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solvation in water
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heat of hydration
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the enthalpy change occurring when 1 mol of a gaseous species is hydrated. the sum of the enthalpies from separating water molecules and mixing the gaseous species with them
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charge density
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the ratio of the charge of an ion to its volume
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entropy
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(S)
a thermodynamic quantity related to the number of ways the nergy of a system can be dispersed through the motions of its particles |
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saturated solution
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a solution that constinas the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature in the presence of undissolved solute
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unsaturated solution
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a solution in which more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature
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supersaturated solution
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an unstable solution in which more solute is dissolved than in a saturated solution
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henry's law
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a law stating that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of hte gas above the liquid
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molality
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(m)
a concentration tem expressed a number of moles of solute dissolved in 1000g (1kg) of solvent |
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mass percent
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[%(w/w)]
the fraction of mass expressed as a percentage. a concentration term [%(w/w)] expressed as the mass in grames of solute dissolved per 100.g of solution |
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volume percent
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[%(v/v)]
a concentration term defined as the volume of solute in 100. volumes of solution |
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mole fraction
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(X)
a concentration term expressed as the ratio of moles of one component of a mixture to the total moles present |
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colligative property
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a property of a solution that depends on the number, not the identity, of solute particles
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electrolyte
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a substance that conducts a current when it dissolves in water. a mixture of ions, in which the electrodes of an electrochemical cell are immersed, that conducts a current
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nonelectrolyte
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a substance whose aqueous solution does not conduct an electric current
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vapor pressure lowering
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the lowering of the vapor pressure of a solvent caused by the presence of dissolved solute particles
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raoult's law
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a law stating that the vapor pressure of a solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent
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ideal solution
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a solution whose vapor pressure equals the mole fraction of the solvent times the vapor pressure othe the pure solvent' approximated only by very dilute solutions
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boiling point elevation
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the increase in the boiling point of a solvent caused by the presence of dissolved solute
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freezing point depression
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a lowering of the freezing point of a solvent caused by the presence of dissolved solute particles
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semipermeable membrane
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a membrane that allows solvent, but not solute, to pass through
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osmosis
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the process by which solven flows through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute to a concentrated solution
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osmotic pressure (II)
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the pressure that resuts from the inablitly of solute particles to cross a semipermeable membrane. the pressure required to prevent the net movement of solvent across the membrane
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ionic atmosphere
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a cluster of ions of net opposite charge surrounding a given ion in solution
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