Chapter 11: Central And Peripheral Nervous System

Front 1

nerves at the end of the spinal cord

Back 1

cauda equina

Front 2

Name the three meningeal layers from superficial to deep.

Back 2

-dura mater

-arachnoid mater

-pia mater

Front 3

the space between the periosteum of the vertebral canal and the dura mater

Back 3

epidural space

Front 4

the space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater

Back 4

subarachnoid space

Front 5

The spinal cord consists of peripheral _____ and central _____.

Back 5

white matter

gray matter

Front 6

The dorsal root contains ____ axons. The ventral root contains ____ axons. The spinal nerves have ____ axons.

Back 6

sensory

motor

sensory and motor

Front 7

What is the function of reflexes and what are the two different types?

Back 7

to maintain homeostasis

somatic and autonomic reflexes

Front 8

reflexes that are mediated through the somatic nervous system and include removing body from painful stimuli, keep the body from suddenly falling, and cause movement from external forces

Back 8

somatic reflexes

Front 9

reflexes that are mediated though the ANS and are responsible for maintaining variables within their normal ranges including blood pressure, blood CO2 levels, and water intake

Back 9

autonomic reflexes

Front 10

body detects the stretch of skeletal muscles and cause the muscle to shorten reflexively

Back 10

stretch reflex

Front 11

body responds to increased tension within the tendons and causes skeletal muscles to relax

Back 11

golgi tendon reflex

Front 12

activation of pain receptors causes contraction of muscle and the removal of some part of the body from a painful stimulus

Back 12

withdrawal reflex

Front 13

surrounds individual nerve axons

Back 13

endoneurium

Front 14

surrounds groups of nerve axons (fascicles)

Back 14

perineurium

Front 15

surrounds the whole nerve (bundle of fascicles)

Back 15

epineurium

Front 16

specific cutaneous distributions assigned to each nerve

Back 16

dermatomes

Front 17

Name how many of each spinal nerve there is.

Back 17

C - 8

T - 12

L - 5

S - 5

C - 1

Front 18

Spinal nerves branch to form ______. The ________ supply the muscles and skin near the middle of the back. The _______ in the thoracic region form intercostal nerves, which supply the thorax and upper abdomen. The lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal _______ join to form plexuses.

Back 18

rami

dorsal rami

ventral rami

ventral rami

Front 19

The brain stems consists of what three things?

Back 19

medulla oblognata, pons, midbrain

Front 20

____ of the 12 cranial nerves arise from the brainstem.

Back 20

10

Front 21

The medulla oblongata contains ____ and ____ tracts. The _______ regulate the heart, blood vessels, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, balance and coordination. The ______ are tracts controlling voluntary muscle movement.

Back 21

ascending

descending

medullary nuclei

pyramids

Front 22

The pons is superior to the _______. It contains both ______ and ______ tracts. It connects the _______ to the _____. __________ regulate breathing, swallowing, balance, chewing, and salivation.

Back 22

medulla

ascending

descending

cerebrum

cerebellum

pontine nuclei

Front 23

The mid brain is superior to the ______. The ___________ consists of 4 colliculi -- two inferior ones that are involved in ______ and two superior ones that are involved in ______. The ________ and _______ help regulate body movements. And the ___________ are the major descending motor pathway.

Back 23

pons

corpora quadrigemina

hearing

visual reflexes

substantia nigra

red nucleus

cerebral peduncles

Front 24

The _________ consists of nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem. It regulates ________ functions such as breathing, walking, and chewing. The ________ maintains _____ and regulates the __________ cycle.

Back 24

reticular formation

cyclic functions

reticular activating system

consciousness

sleep-wake cycle

Front 25

Gray matter forms the ___ and ____ of the cerebellum. White matter forms the _____ and connects the cerebellum to the rest of the CNS. WM also connects the cerebellar cortex to the _________.

Back 25

cortex

nuclei

arbor vitae

cerebellar nuclei

Front 26

What are the three parts of the cerebellum?

Back 26

flocculonodular lobe

vermis

lateral hemispheres

Front 27

part of the cerebellum that controls balance and eyes movements

Back 27

flocculonodular lobe

Front 28

part of the cerebellum that controls posture, locomotion, and fine motor coordination

Back 28

vermis (and medial part of the lateral hemispheres)

Front 29

part of the cerebellum that is involved in planning, practice, and learning of complex movements

Back 29

lateral hemispheres

Front 30

The diencephalon consists of what 4 parts?

Back 30

thalamus

subthalamus

epithalamus

hypothalamus

Front 31

The diencephalon is located between the ____ and the _____.

Back 31

brainstem

cerebrum

Front 32

Part of the diencephalon that consists of two lobes connected by the interthalamic adhesion

Back 32

thalamus

Front 33

The thalamus functions as the _____ center. All ___ input, except for _____, synapses in the thalamus. It then interacts with other parts of the brain to control _____ activity. It is involved in ____ and ____ perception.

Back 33

integration

sensory

olfaction

motor

emotions

pain

Front 34

The _______ is inferior to the thalamus and is involved in ______ function.

Back 34

subthalamus

motor

Front 35

The ______ is superior and posterior to the thalamus and consists of the __________ and ________.

Back 35

epithalamus

Habenular nuclei

Pineal body

Front 36

part of the epithalamus that influences emotions through the sense of smell

Back 36

Habenular nuclei

Front 37

part of the epithalamus that may play a role in the onset of puberty and the sleep-wake cycle

Back 37

Pineal body

Front 38

The hypothalamus is the main ____ control center of the body and is vitally important to overall ______. It is the ______ control center and center for ______ response/behavior. It also controls ______, _____, ______, and the ______. The _________ are reflex centers for olfaction.

Back 38

visceral

homeostasis

autonomic

emotional

body temperature

food intake

water balance

endocrine system

mammillary bodies

Front 39

ridges in the cerebrum

Back 39

gyri

Front 40

grooves in the cerebrum

Back 40

sulci or fissures

Front 41

The ________ divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres.

Back 41

longitudinal fissure

Front 42

The lobe involved in voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, sense of smell, and mood.

Back 42

frontal lobe

Front 43

The lobe that contains the major sensory areas receiving sensory input (touch, pain, temperature, balance, and taste).

Back 43

parietal lobe

Front 44

The lobe that contains the visual centers.

Back 44

occipital lobe

Front 45

The lobe that evaluates smell and hearing input and is involved in memory, abstract thought, and judgement.

Back 45

temporal lobes

Front 46

located deep in the lateral fissure

Back 46

insula

Front 47

White matter in the brain forms what three tract types? What does each connect?

Back 47

association fibers - connects areas of the cortex in the same hemisphere

commissural fibers - connect cerebral hemispheres

projection fibers - connect cerebrum to spinal cord (and other parts of the brain)

Front 48

includes the corpus striatum, sub thalamic nuclei, and substantia nigra; important in controlling motor function

Back 48

basal nuclei

Front 49

The ______ includes part of the cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the olfactory cortex. Its involved in ______, _____, ______, and the _______ of sensory input (and ____ in general).

Back 49

limbic system

memory

reproduction

nutrition

emotional interpretation

emotions

Front 50

The ______ attaches to the skull and has two layers that can separate to form _____ and _____. Beneath the ________, the ______ contains CSF that helps cushion the brain. The _____ attaches directly to the brain.

Back 50

duramater

dural folds

dural venous sinuses

arachnoid mater

subarachnoid space

pia mater

Front 51

The lateral ventricles in the cerebrum are connected to the _____ in the diencephalon by the _______. The third ventricle is connected to the ______ in the pons by the _______. And the ______ is connected to to the fourth ventricle. The fourth ventricle is connected to the subarachnoid space by ______ and _____.

Back 51

third ventricle

interventricular foramina

fourth ventricle

cerebral aquaduct

central canal

median apertures

lateral apertures

Front 52

CSF is produced from the blood in the _______ of each ventricle by ______ cells. It moves from the lateral to the third and fourth ventricles. From the 4th ventricle, CSF enters the ______ through three _____. It leaves that area through _______ and returns to the blood in the __________.

Back 52

choroid plexus

ependymal

subarachnoid space

apertures

arachnoid granulations

dural venous sinuses

Front 53

The BBB is formed by the endothelial cells of the capillaries in the _____.

Back 53

brain

Front 54

When is the brain stem considered non-functional?

Back 54

-when reflexes at all levels of the brain stem are non-functional

-there is no spontaneous breathing (mediated through the medulla oblongata)