Chapter 1 And 2

Front 1

John Smith

Back 1

-Saved the Jamestown colony from collapse in 1608 its first year of existence.
- Smith’s initiatives improved sanitation, hygiene, and organized work gangs to gather food and build shelters, leading to a drop in death rates in Jamestown colony.

Front 2

Jamestown

Back 2

-Founded May 14, 1607. It is the first permanent English settlement in what is now the United States of America. Founded by the London Company.
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Front 3

Joint Stock Company

Back 3

- it is a financial contribution between shareholders and they are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stock holding to others.

Front 4

Indentured Servant

Back 4

-a worker typically a laborer's under a contract to an employer for a fixed period of time, typically three to even seven years in exchange for their transportation, food, clothing, lodging, and other necessities.
-Many servants died before they could even live to be free.

Front 5

Puritans

Back 5

-A liberal Protestant group that sought to “purify” the Church of England from within.
-Persecuted for their beliefs, many Puritans fled to the New World in the early 1600s, where they established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in present-day Boston.
-The Puritans placed heavy emphasis on family values and strict morality.
-They were religiously persecuted, yet they were not religiously tolerant.

Front 6

John Winthrope

Back 6

-Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony.
-Winthrop was instrumental in forming the colony’s government and shaping its legislative policy.
-He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a “city upon a hill” from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Front 7

King Phillips War

Back 7

-Indian resistance wore down due to food shortages, disease, and heavy casualties
-Spring 1675 Metacom and allies used guerrilla war against outlying New England colonies lasting over a year

Front 8

The Headright System

Back 8

-A system established by the Virginia Company as an incentive to settlement, each settler received a "head right" of land for paying his own way or bringing others.

Back 9

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Front 10

Bacon's Rebellion

Back 10

-Nathaniel Bacon led frontier servants, small farmers, and slaves against Virginia's wealthy planters and political leaders that resulted in the burning of Jamestown in 1676.
- Bacon also conducted assaults against peaceful Native Americans (he claimed they were "all alike").

Front 11

William Penn

Back 11

-Penn received rights in 1681 to a tract stretching from Delaware
River westward.
- He encouraged the settlement of the area by writing glowing descriptions and offering religious liberty and aid to immigrants. Philadelphia (City of Brotherly Love) grew as a result of his efforts. -Penn learned the language of the Delaware Native Americans, and the settlers lived among the tribe peacefully for over fifty years. Penn, a Quaker, lived in the colony for only four years before returning to England.

Front 12

Quakers

Back 12

- A group favored individual inspiration and interpretation.
-They gave up formal ceremonies and a formal ministry, refused to offer any social ranking, and advocated a peaceful coexistence with all.
-They were often subjected to intense persecution but did not retaliate.
- Religious tolerance, equality of the sexes, and full participation of women in religious affairs were also part of their tolerance for others.

Front 13

Mercantilism

Back 13

-An economic system in which economic activity is closely regulated by the government to maximize profits for the king and ruling class.
-Under this system the colony existed for the good of the mother country. Generally the colony's role was to provide raw materials (especially products that the mother country could produce itself) and serve as a market for goods produced in the mother country.
-Unlike present day capitalism, mercantilism is government run and non-competitive.

Front 14

Navigation Acts

Back 14

-The 1633 Navigation Act required that all goods going to the British colonies had to be routed through England.
- Parliament passed a restriction in 1651 that all goods imported into either England or the colonies had to be on English ships.
-European goods were excluded.
-In 1660 new requirements were added: ship's crews had to be three-quarters English and certain goods were to go only to England or the colonies. These included tobacco, cotton, indigo, ginger, sugar, and later rice, hemp, masts/spars, and furs.

Front 15

Roger William

Back 15

-Williams arrived in Massachusetts's in 1631.
-Allowed to escape by Governor Winthrop, Williams established Providence, the first permanent Rhode Island settlement in 1636 and the first settlement in the New World to legislate freedom of religion.
-His work created a society that lived up to his principles of religious freedom and government based on the consent of the people.

Front 16

Anne Hutchinson

Back 16

-Hutchinson challenged Puritan leaders and beliefs by advocating a belief in the sanctity of one's faith and God's grace.
- After a two-day trial before judges and ministers, Hutchinson was banished in 1638 to an island south of Providence, Rhode Island. She died in 11644, massacred in a Native American attack.

Front 17

John Coodes

Back 17

-Born in England about 1648.
-He attended Oxford University when he was only 16 years old and in 1669, Coode became an Anglican priest. In 1672, he journeyed to Maryland.

Front 18

Rebellion

Back 18

-Rebellion is a refusal of obedience or order.
- It may, therefore, be seen as encompassing a range of behaviors from civil disobedience and mass nonviolent resistance, to violent and organized attempts to destroy an established authority such as a government.

Front 19

Incas

Back 19

Their capital was in Cuzco.
They lived on highlands and mountains.
Empire consisted over a million individuals.

Front 20

Aztecs

Back 20

Arguably the most advanced society of the Americas before Colombus arrived in America.
They had their religion that worshiped the sun god.
Made subject lands pay tribute to Tenochtitlan's.
Technocthlian wa the capital of the Aztec's.

Front 21

Mayas

Back 21

Had a fully developed language.
Decentralized with small city states.
Invented a calendar

Front 22

Chaco Canyon

Back 22

Chaco Canyon was the center of Anasazi civilization, its many large pueblos probably serving as administrative and ceremonial centers for a widespread population.

Front 23

Woodland Indians

Back 23

Spread across Northwest Georgia, growing crops in our fertile valleys and hunting the plentiful game.

Front 24

Mobile Societies

Back 24

a `mobile' society creates a part of its wealth from processes that do not depend on the territory: a bottle making factory uses raw materials that come from the ground, whether they be oil for energy or sand for glass. In addition, however, the factory `adds value' to the raw materials by making the bottles.

Front 25

Leif Erikson

Back 25

Was a Norse explorer who is regarded as the first European to land in North America.

Front 26

Prince Henry The Navigator

Back 26

He was a big factor of why Portuguese began with a head start with exploration.

Front 27

Christopher Columbus

Back 27

He was a navigator and colonizer of the Americas although not first in arriving in the Americas.

Front 28

Ferdinand Magellan

Back 28

The first person to ever have a a crew that circumnavigated the globe.

Front 29

The Conquistadors

Back 29

the term widely used to refer to the Spanish soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain in the 15th through the 19th centuries following Europe's discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492. The leaders of the conquest of the Aztec Empire were Hernán Cortés and Pedro de Alvarado. Francisco Pizarro led the conquest of the Incan Empire.

Front 30

Cortes

Back 30

Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

Front 31

Pizarro

Back 31

Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru.

Front 32

Pueblo Revolt

Back 32

The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 or Pope's Rebellion was an uprising of many pueblos of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonization of the Americas in the New Spain province of New Mexico.

Front 33

Mestizo

Back 33

Mestizo is a Spanish term that was used refer to people of mixed European and Native-Indigenous ancestry.

Front 34

John Cabot

Back 34

John Cabot was an Italian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of North America is known to be the first European voyage to the continent since Norse exploration of the Americas in the early eleventh century.

Front 35

Richard Hakluyt

Back 35

Richard Hakluyt was an English writer. He is principally remembered for his efforts in promoting and supporting the settlement of North America by the English through his wittings

Front 36

Doctrine of Predestination

Back 36

A Calvinistic principle/belief, that one before was born was known where they would go, either heaven or hell.

Front 37

The English Reformation

Back 37

The English Reformation was the series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

Front 38

John Calvin

Back 38

John Calvin was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation.

Front 39

Puritan Separatists

Back 39

A group favored individual inspiration and interpretation.
-They gave up formal ceremonies and a formal ministry, refused to offer any social ranking, and advocated a peaceful coexistence with all.
-They were often subjected to intense persecution but did not retaliate.
- Religious tolerance, equality of the sexes, and full participation of women in religious affairs were also part of their tolerance for others.

Front 40

Elizabeth the I

Back 40

1558-1503 Ruled England and was known as Virgin Queen Gloriana

Front 41

Coureurs De Bois

Back 41

coureurs de bois was an individual who engaged in the fur trade without permission from the French authorities

Front 42

New Amsterdam

Back 42

it was a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherlands (what is now new York).

Front 43

West India Company

Back 43

was a charter company of Dutch merchants that had a trade monopoly with Asia. it was also known as the Geoctroyeerde Westindische Compagnie or GWC.

Front 44

Sir Walter Raleigh

Back 44

He was an English aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, courtier, spy and explorer largely known for popularizing tobacco in England.In 1584, he dispatched an expedition to explore the eastern coast of North America for an appropriate location.

Front 45

Roanoke

Back 45

was an enterprise financed and organized by Sir Walter Raleigh. Between 1585 and 1587, several groups attempted to establish a colony, but either abandoned the settlement or died.

Front 46

James I

Back 46

He then ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland for 22 years, often using the title King of Great Britain.

Front 47

Jamestown

Back 47

It is the first permanent English settlement in the USA. it is located on Jamestown Island in the Virginia colony and was founded on May 14, 1607.

Front 48

John smith

Back 48

He was a leader of the Virginia colony between September 1608 and August 1609, and led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay.

Front 49

Lord Delawar

Back 49

was the Englishman after whom the bay, the river, and, consequently, an American Indian people and U.S. senate, all later called "Delaware", were named.

Front 50

Tobacco

Back 50

upon the arrival of Europeans in North America, it quickly became popularized as a trade item and as a recreational drug. This popularization led to the development of the southern economy of the U.S. until it gave way to cotton.

Front 51

Virginia Company

Back 51

consisted of two companies, the "Virginia Company of London" and the "Virginia Company of Plymouth". they were Join stock companies chartered by James I on 10 April 1606 with the purposes of establishing settlements on the coast of North America.

Front 52

Theocratic Society

Back 52

Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the state's supreme civil ruler or in a higher sense, a form of government in which a state is governed by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided.

Front 53

Pequot War

Back 53

The Pequot War was an armed conflict in 1634-1638 between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies with Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes) against the Pequot tribe. The result was the elimination of the Pequot as a viable polity in what is present-day Southern New England.

Front 54

The Narragansetts

Back 54

Narragansett, a dialect of the Massachusett language Rohde Island and Providence

Front 55

English Civil War

Back 55

The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The first (1642–46) and second (1648–49) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war (1649–51) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.

Front 56

Middle Colonies

Back 56

The Middle Colonies, also known as the Bread Colonies or the Breadbasket Colonies for the region's production of wheat, grain, and oats,[1][2] were one area of the Thirteen British Colonies in pre-Revolutionary War Northern America

Front 57

William penn

Back 57

was a English real state entrepreneur, a philosopher, and founder and "absolute proprietor" of the Province of Pennsylvania. he was an early champion of democracy and religious freedom.

Front 58

Charter of Liberties:

Back 58

was a written proclamation by Henry the I of England, issued upon his accession to the throne in the year 1100.It sought to bind the King to certain laws regarding the treatment of church officials and nobles.

Front 59

The Black Codes

Back 59

were laws passed on the state and local level in the U.S. (mainly in south) that limited the rights of African Americans.

Front 60

Holy experiment

Back 60

it was an attempt by the Quakers to establish a community for themselves in Pennsylvania. They hoped it would show to the world how well they could function on their own without any persecution.

Front 61

California 1760's

Back 61

California was explored by the Spanish and English from the early 1500s to the mid-1700s. In the 18th century, Spanish soldiers and missionaries traveled to north California and build missionaries, towns and forts.

Front 62

James Oglethorpe

Back 62

he was the founder of the colony of Georgia. he was called a philanthropist and for his benevolence, including helping children and defending seamen against impressment

Front 63

Sir Edmund Andros

Back 63

: was an early colonial english governor in north America and the head of the Dominion of New England. In 1674 he became governor of the province of New York.

Front 64

Glorious Revolution

Back 64

it was also called the revolution of 1688. it was the overthrow of King James II of England in 1688.

Front 65

propietary rule

Back 65

The British colonies of North America were founded as either proprietary colonies or as corporate colonies. A proprietary colony was a gift made by the king to a trading company or an individual, who then privately owned it. This type of colony was administered by a colonial governor, who was elected by the owner or owners and supposed to serve in their best interest.

Front 66

powhatans

Back 66

. is the name of a Virginia Indian tribe. It is estimated that there were about 14,000-21,000 of these native Powhatan people in eastern Virginia when the English settled Jamestown in 1607. They were also known as Virginia Algonquians, as they spoke an eastern-Algonquian language known as Powhatan

Front 67

tolertation act

Back 67

.The Maryland Toleration Act, also known as the Act Concerning Religion, was a law mandating religious tolerance for trinitarian Christians. Passed on April 21, 1649 by the assembly of the Maryland colony, it was the second law requiring religious tolerance in the British North American colonies and created the first legal limitations on hate speech in the world

Front 68

plymouth plantation

Back 68

Of Plymouth Plantation is the single most complete authority for the story of the Pilgrims and the early years of the Colony they founded. Written between 1620 and 1647, the journal describes the story of the Pilgrims from 1608, when they settled in the Netherlands through the 1620 Mayflower voyage, until the year 1647. The book ends with a list, written in 1650, of Mayflower passengers and what happened to them

Front 69

mayflower compact

Back 69

.The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was drafted by the Pilgrims who crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower, seeking religious freedom. It was signed on November 11, 1620

Front 70

colonial currency

Back 70

Early American currency went through several stages of development in the colonial and post-Revolutionary history of the United States. Because few coins were minted in the thirteen colonies that became the United States in 1776, foreign coins like the Spanish dollar were widely circulated. Colonial governments sometimes issued paper money to facilitate economic activity. The British Parliament passed Currency Acts in 1751, 1764, and 1773 that regulated colonial paper money.

Front 71

cambridge agreement

Back 71

.The Cambridge Agreement was an agreement made on August 29, 1629, between the shareholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company. The Agreement led directly to the foundation of Boston, Massachusetts.

Front 72

church of england (anglican)

Back 72

The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the oldest among the communion's thirty-eight independent national and regional churches

Front 73

covenant theater

Back 73

.a theater in which an agreement is formed with god through religious beliefs

Front 74

halfway covenant

Back 74

The Half-Way Covenant was a form of partial church membership created by New England in 1662. It was promoted in particular by the Reverend Solomon Stoddard, who felt that the people of the English colonies were drifting away from their original religious purpose

Front 75

thomas hooker

Back 75

.(July 5, 1586 – July 7, 1647) was a prominent Puritan religious and colonial leader, who founded the Colony of Connecticut after dissenting with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts. He was known as an outstanding speaker and a leader of universal Christian suffrage. Hooker also had a role in creating the "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut", one of the world's first written constitutions

Front 76

saybrook platform

Back 76

.Saybrook Platform refers to conservative religious proposals adopted at Saybrook, Connecticut in September 1708.

Front 77

jointstock company

Back 77

.financed jamestown

Front 78

cavaliers1642-1647

Back 78

.Cavalier was the name used by Parliamentarians for a Royalist supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War (1642–1651). Prince Rupert, commander of much of Charles I's cavalry, is often considered an archetypical Cavalier

Front 79

john locke

Back 79

29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704), widely known as the Father of Liberalism, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory.