Ch.8 (Nervous System) A&p Vocab

Front 1

the cranial nerve (VI) that supplies the lateral rectus muscle of the eyeball (lateral movement)

Back 1

abducent nerve

Front 2

the cranial nerve (XI) that provides motor innervation to the muscles of the soft palate and the pharynx and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Back 2

accessory nerve

Front 3

a neurotransmitter secreted by the autonomic nervous system

Back 3

acetylcholine

Front 4

an enzyme that rapidly destroys acetylcholine once it has reached the target tissue

Back 4

acetylcholinesterase

Front 5

electrical signals passing along nerve fibers

Back 5

action potentials

Front 6

endocrine glands located on the top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

Back 6

adrenal glands

Front 7

description of a neuron that secretes the neurotransmitter norepinephrine

Back 7

adrenergic

Front 8

a receptor stimulated by the neurotransmitter norepinephrine

Back 8

adrenergic receptor

Front 9

nerves that carry impulses from the body to the brain and provide input to the brain about sensations, also called sensory nerves

Back 9

afferent nerves

Front 10

one of two adrenergic receptors classified into two structural and functional categories, then subdivided again into alpha-1 and alpha-2

Back 10

alpha receptor

Front 11

fibers that carry sensory information from the periphery to the brain also called ascending fibers

Back 11

afferent tracts

Front 12

ascending fiber tract that carries information to the brain about light touch, pressure, tickling/itching sensations

Back 12

anterior spinothalamic tract

Front 13

the middle membrane of the three meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord

Back 13

arachnoid

Front 14

fibers that carry sensory information from the periphery to the brain, also called afferent tracts

Back 14

ascending fibers

Front 15

several structures located throughout the brain stem that are responsible for maintenance of consciousness

Back 15

ascending reticular activating system

Front 16

a division of the nervous system that operates without conscious control and regulates the function of internal organs, glans, and smooth muscle

Back 16

autonomic nervous system

Front 17

one of the major nerves emanating from the brachial plexus, it supplies the deltoid and teres minor muscles, enabling arm abduction and lateral rotation

Back 17

axillary nerve

Front 18

a projection from a neuron that makes connections with adjacent cells

Back 18

axon

Front 19

structures located deep within the cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain that play an important role in coordination of motor movements and posture

Back 19

basal ganglia

Front 20

a common class of cardiac drugs that blocks beta effects, causing a decrease in the workload of the heart by reducing the speed of contraction, as well as reducing blood pressure

Back 20

beta-blocker

Front 21

one of two adrenergic receptors classified into two structural and functional categories, further subdivided into beta-1 and beta-2

Back 21

beta receptors

Front 22

the plexus of spinal nerves that consists of nerves C5 to T1 and innervates the shoulder and upper extremity

Back 22

brachial plexus

Front 23

part of the central nervous system, located within the cranium containing billions of neurons that serve a variety of vital functions

Back 23

brain

Front 24

the midbrain, medulla and pons collectively

Back 24

brain stem

Front 25

numerous individual nerve roots that extend from the spinal cord at the level of the second lumbar vertebrae

Back 25

cuada equina

Front 26

system that consists of the brain and spinal cord

Back 26

central nervous system

Front 27

one of three bands of nerve fibers through which the cerebellum communicates with other regions of the CNS

Back 27

cerebellar peduncles

Front 28

the region of the brain essential in coordinating muscle movements of the body

Back 28

cerebellum

Front 29

the largest portion of the brain, it controls the higher thought process, also called the cerebrum

Back 29

cerebral cortex

Front 30

fluid produces in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges

Back 30

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Front 31

the largest portion of the brain, it controls the higher though process, also called the cerebral cortex

Back 31

cerebrum

Front 32

description of a neuron that secretes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

Back 32

cholinergic

Front 33

specialized cells within hollow areas in the ventricles of the brain that produce CSF

Back 33

choroid plexus

Front 34

a major nerve of the leg, providing sensation to the lateral leg and dorsum of the foot and motor activity to the hip extensors, knee flexors, ankle dorsiflexors, and to extensors

Back 34

common peroneal nerve

Front 35

ascending fiber tracts that coordinate movements, especially of the hands

Back 35

corticospinal tracts

Front 36

the 12 pairs of nerves that arise from the base of the brain

Back 36

cranial nerves

Front 37

an agent that blocks transmission of neural motor impulses at the neuromuscular junction

Back 37

curare

Front 38

a component and branch of the common peroneal nerve that innervates the muscles that dorsiflex the ankle and extend the toes

Back 38

deep peroneal nerve

Front 39

a projection from a neuron that makes connections with an adjacent cell

Back 39

dendrite

Front 40

an area of skin supplied by a given spinal nerve

Back 40

dermatome

Front 41

fibers that carry motor impulses from the brain to the fibers of the peripheral nervous system, also called efferent tracts

Back 41

descending fibers

Front 42

the part of the brain between the brain stem and the cerebrum that includes the thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

Back 42

diencephalon

Front 43

one of two roots of a spinal nerve that passes posteriorly into the spinal cord and contains the dorsal root ganglion

Back 43

dorsal root

Front 44

a ganglion of the dorsal root of each spinal nerve

Back 44

dorsal root ganglion

Front 45

the outermost of the three meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord, it is the toughest membrane

Back 45

dura mater

Front 46

the nerves that carry commands from the brain to peripheral muscles, also called motor nerves

Back 46

efferent nerves

Front 47

fibers that carry motor impulses from the brain to the fibers of the peripheral nervous system, also called descending fibers

Back 47

efferent tracts

Front 48

part of the diencephalon with uncertain functions

Back 48

epithalamus

Front 49

the cranial nerve (VII) that supplies motor activity to all muscles of facial expression, the sense of taste to the anterior two thirds of the tongue, and cutaneous sensations to the external ear, tongue and palate

Back 49

facial nerve

Front 50

the branch of the lumbosacral plexus that innervates the muscles that flex the hip and extend the knee

Back 50

femoral nerve

Front 51

a withdrawal reflex in the flexor muscles of the limbs that contract in response to an unpleasant stimulus

Back 51

flexor reflex

Front 52

a large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord exits the brain

Back 52

foramen magnum

Front 53

the portion of the brain that is important in voluntary motor actions and personality traits

Back 53

frontal lobe

Front 54

collections of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS

Back 54

ganglia

Front 55

a separation between two nerves (preganglionic and postganglionic neurons) in a series between the CNS and the organs innervated

Back 55

gnaglionic synapse

Front 56

the cranial nerve (IX) that supplies motor fibers to the pharyngeal muscle, providing taste sensation to the posterior portion of the tongue, and carrying parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland

Back 56

glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 57

the numerous folds in the cerebrum, which greatly increase the surface area of the cortex

Back 57

gyri

Front 58

the cranial nerve (XII) that provides motor function to the muscles of the tongue and throat

Back 58

hypoglossal nerve

Front 59

the most inferior portion of the diencephalon, it is responsible for control of many bodily functions, including the heart rate, digestion, sexual development, temperature regulation, emotion, hunger, thirst, and sleep cycle

Back 59

hypothalamus

Front 60

a short canal through which auditory and facial nerves pass

Back 60

internal auditory meatus

Front 61

opening between successive vertebrae through which nerves exit the vertebral column

Back 61

intervertebral foramen

Front 62

ascending fiber tracts that carry information to the brain about pain and temperature

Back 62

lateral spinothalamic tracts

Front 63

structures within the cerebrum and diencephalon that influence emotions, motivation, mood and sensations of pain and pleasure

Back 63

limbic system

Front 64

subdivisions within each hemisphere of the cerebrum, each is named for the bone of the skull that overlies it

Back 64

lobes

Front 65

the crevasse that separates the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum

Back 65

longitudinal fissure

Front 66

a needle insertion into the vertebral canal to obtain a specimen of CSF

Back 66

lumbar puncture

Front 67

a combination of the lumbar plexus, the sacral plexus and the coccygeal root

Back 67

lumbosacral plexus

Front 68

the nerve in the brachial plexus that innervates the pronator muscles of the forearm, as well as those that flex the wrist, fingers, and thumb

Back 68

median nerve

Front 69

the inferior portion of the midbrain, which serves as a conduction pathway for both ascending and descending nerve tracts

Back 69

medulla

Front 70

a set of three tough membranes, the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater that encloses the entire brain and spinal cord

Back 70

meninges

Front 71

an inflammation of the meninges and CSF, usually caused by infection

Back 71

meningitis

Front 72

nerves that carry commands from the brain to the muscle, also called efferent nerves

Back 72

motor nerves

Front 73

receptors at the target tissue that are stimulated by acetylcholine and can also be stimulated in the laboratory by the compound extracted from muscarine mushrooms

Back 73

muscarinic receptors

Front 74

a nerve in the upper extremity that innervates muscles that flex the shoulder and elbow

Back 74

musculocutaneous nerve

Front 75

a membrane formed by Schwann cells, which cover the axons of certain neurons

Back 75

myelin sheath

Front 76

an axon surrounded by a membrane sheath produced by Schwann cells

Back 76

myelinated nerves

Front 77

nervous tissue that connects the nervous system with body parts or organs

Back 77

nerve

Front 78

groups of nerve cells that are bundled together

Back 78

nerve fibers

Front 79

specialized tissue that conducts electrical impulses between the brain and the rest of the body

Back 79

nervous system

Front 80

the target tissues of autonomic nervous system

Back 80

neuroeffector cells

Front 81

one of two basic types of neural tissue, neuroglia support, protect, defend and aid in the repair of injury of neural tissue

Back 81

neuroglia

Front 82

a group of drugs delivered from curare that are used in anesthesia to induce muscle relaxation

Back 82

neuromuscular blocker

Front 83

the receptor on the muscle for nerve impulses

Back 83

neuromuscular junction

Front 84

cells that transmit nervous system impulses

Back 84

neurons

Front 85

chemicals produced by the body that stimulate electrical reactions in adjacent neurons

Back 85

neurotransmitters

Front 86

receptors in the postganglionic neuron that can be stimulated in the laboratory by the alkaloid nicotine

Back 86

nicotinic receptors

Front 87

regions between individual Schwaan cells in myelinated neurons, between which action potentials jump

Back 87

nodes of ranvier

Front 88

a neurotransmitter secreted by the autonomic nervous system

Back 88

norepinephrine

Front 89

a nerve emanating from the lumbosacral plexus that innervates muscles that adduct the thigh and rotate in medially

Back 89

obturator nerve

Front 90

the portion of the brain that is responsible for the processing of visual information

Back 90

occipital lobe

Front 91

the cranial nerve (III) that innervates the muscles that cause motion of the eyeballs and upper lid

Back 91

oculomotor nerve

Front 92

the portion of the olfactory nerve formed by the olfactory tract that lies on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and is penetrated by nerve fibers that provide information about smell to the nose

Back 92

olfactory bulb

Front 93

the cranial nerve (I) that transmits information about the sense of smell

Back 93

olfactory nerve

Front 94

the part of the olfactory nerve that arises at the base of the brain

Back 94

olfactory tract

Front 95

a continuation of the optic nerve, which forms and X under the hypothalamus

Back 95

optic chiasma

Front 96

the opening through which the optic nerves pass to reach each eyeball

Back 96

optic foramina

Front 97

the cranial nerve (II) that transmits visual information to the brain

Back 97

optic nerve

Front 98

the parts of the optic nerve that arise at the base of the brain, forming the optic chiasma

Back 98

optic tracts

Front 99

the part of the autonomic nervous system that relaxes the body

Back 99

parasympathetic nervous tissue

Front 100

a drug that blocks acetylcholine at the neuroeffector synapse

Back 100

parasympathetic-blocking drug

Front 101

the portion of the brain that is the site for reception and evaluation of most sensory information, except smell, hearing and vision

Back 101

parietal lobe

Front 102

nerves that arise from the different plexuses to branch and supply motor function and sensation to many areas of the body

Back 102

peripheral nerves

Front 103

the portion of the nervous system that consists of nerves that extend from the CNS to peripheral structures outside the CNS

Back 103

peripheral nervous system

Front 104

a drug that blocks acetylcholine at the neuroeffector synapse

Back 104

parasympathetic- blocking drug

Front 105

the portion of the brain that is the site for reception and evaluation of most sensory information, except smell, hearing and vision

Back 105

parietal lobe

Front 106

nerves that arise from the different plexuses to branch and supply motor function and sensation to many areas of the body

Back 106

peripheral nerves

Front 107

the portion of the nervous system that consists of nerves that extend from the CNS to peripheral structures outside the CNS

Back 107

peripheral nervous system

Front 108

the innermost of the three meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord, it rests directly on the brain and spinal cord

Back 108

pia mater

Front 109

part of the epithalamus in the diencephalon

Back 109

pineal body

Front 110

an organized intermingling formed by several nerves

Back 110

plexus

Front 111

the portion of the brainstem that lies below the midbrain and contains nerve fibers that affect sleep and respiration

Back 111

pons

Front 112

the space behind the knee

Back 112

popliteal fossa

Front 113

the second of the two nerves, separated by a ganglionic synapse, in a series between the CNS and the organs that are innervated

Back 113

postganglionic neuron

Front 114

the end of the nerve where electrical impulses are received from the synaptic cleft

Back 114

presynaptic terminal

Front 115

information about the body's position and of its parts in relation to itself, to one another, and to the pull of gravity

Back 115

proprioception

Front 116

one of the major nerves in the upper extremity, it supplies muscles that extend the elbow, supinate the forearm, and extend the wrist, fingers and thumbs

Back 116

radial nerve

Front 117

ascending fiber tracts that are involved in involuntary body movements

Back 117

reticulospinal tracts

Front 118

a small nerve

Back 118

rootlet

Front 119

nervous tissue that helps from the myelin sheath around certain neurons

Back 119

Schwaan cells

Front 120

the longest peripheral nerve in the body, formed by the combination of the common peroneal nerve and tibial nerve

Back 120

sciatic nerve

Front 121

pain and muscle weakness that travels from the back, into the buttocks, and along the leg into the foot as a result of irritation of a lumbar spinal nerve root

Back 121

sciatica

Front 122

nerves that carry impulses from the body to the brain and provide input to the brain about sensations that are felt, also called afferent nerves

Back 122

sensory nerves

Front 123

the part of the central nervous system that arise from numerous rootlets along the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the spinal cord

Back 123

spinal cord

Front 124

nerves in the peripheral nervous system that arise from numerous rootlets along the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the spinal cord

Back 124

spinal nerves

Front 125

automatic reactions to stimuli that occur without conscious though

Back 125

spinal reflex arcs

Front 126

a needle insertion into the vertebral canal to obtain a specimen of CSF

Back 126

spinal tap

Front 127

ascending fiber tract that carries information regarding body position (proprioception) to the cerebellum

Back 127

spinocerebellar tract

Front 128

a disruption of the circulation to the brain, causing brain damage and abnormal neurologic findings

Back 128

stroke

Front 129

a hemorrhage between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater

Back 129

subarachnoid hemorrhage

Front 130

the space located between the pia mater and arachnoid mater

Back 130

subarachnoid space

Front 131

a layer of gray matter located in the midbrain

Back 131

substantia nigra

Front 132

the part of the diencephalon that is involved in controlling motor functions

Back 132

subthalamus

Front 133

grooves located between the gyri in the cerebrum

Back 133

sulci

Front 134

the nerve in the leg that innervates the muscles of foot eversion

Back 134

superficial peroneal nerve

Front 135

the muscles that controls the downward gaze of the eyeball

Back 135

superior oblique muscle

Front 136

the part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for the body's response to shock and stress

Back 136

sympathetic pathway

Front 137

a gap between nerve cells across which nervous stimuli are transmitted

Back 137

synapse

Front 138

the space between neurons where electrical impulses trigger the release of neurotransmitters, which in turn stimulate an electrical reaction in adjacent neurons

Back 138

synaptic cleft

Front 139

vesicles that contain neurotransmitters

Back 139

synaptic vessels

Front 140

the portion of the brain that plays an important role in hearing and memory

Back 140

temporal lobe

Front 141

the part of the diencephalon that processes most sensory input and influences mood and general body movements, especially those associated with fear or rage

Back 141

thalamus

Front 142

the nerve in the leg that innervates the muscles that extend the hip and flex, plantar flex the ankle, and flex the toes

Back 142

tibial nerve

Front 143

pathways within the spinal cord that contain nerves

Back 143

tracts

Front 144

an episode of neurologic impairment that lasts less than 24 hours and serves as a warning sign of an impending stroke

Back 144

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Front 145

the cranial nerve (V) that supplies sensation t the scalp, forehead, face and lower jaw and innervates the muscles of mastication, the throat and the inner ear

Back 145

trigeminal nerve

Front 146

the cranial nerve (IV) that innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball, which allows a downward gaze

Back 146

trochlear nerve

Front 147

the nerve in the arm that innervates muscles that flex the wrist and fingers and abducts the fingers and thumb

Back 147

ulnar nerve

Front 148

a neuron with no myelin sheath or white matter

Back 148

unmyelinated axon

Front 149

the cranial nerve (X) that provides motor functions to the soft palate, pharynx and larynx and carries taste bud fibers from the posterior tongue, sensory fibers from the inferior pharynx, larynx, thoracic, and abdominal organs, and parasympathetic fibers to thoracic and abdominal organs

Back 149

vagus nerve

Front 150

one of two roots of a spinal nerve that is found from six to eight rootlets

Back 150

ventral root

Front 151

specialized hollow areas in the brain

Back 151

ventricles

Front 152

the bony canal formed by vertebrae that houses and protects the spinal cord

Back 152

vertebral canal

Front 153

the cranial nerve (VIII) that passes through the internal auditory meatus and transmits information important to the sense of hearing and balance

Back 153

vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 154

ascending fiber tracts that are involved in involuntary body movements

Back 154

vestibulospinal tracts

Front 155

bundles of myelinated nerves

Back 155

white matter