A&p Objectives

Front 1

the study of the structure and parts of an organism

Back 1

anatomy

Front 2

the study of the body functions of the living organism

Back 2

physiology

Front 3

the study of body functions of a living organism in an abnormal state

Back 3

pathophysiology

Front 4

the maintenance of a stable internal physiologic environment

Back 4

homeostasis

Front 5

the universal position of the human body from which all body positions are described, in this position the subject stands facing the observer, with the arms at the side and palms facing forward

Back 5

anatomic position

Front 6

a vertical plane that is parallel to the midline and divides the body into equal left and right parts

Back 6

sagittal plane

Front 7

a cross-horizontal sectioning that divides the body into upper and lower parts

Back 7

transverse plane

Front 8

the plane parallel to the anterior surface of the body

Back 8

frontal plane

Front 9

an imaginary longitudinal line that divides the body into left and right parts

Back 9

mid-sagittal plane

Front 10

function of DNA

Back 10

genetic material, has 23 pairs of chromosomes

Front 11

function of RNA

Back 11

controls cellular activity and form proteins

Front 12

function of ATP

Back 12

major source of energy for all chemical reactions of the body, primary molecule used by cells to store and transfer energy

Front 13

name the organic molecules that make up the cell membrane and state their functions

Back 13

the cell membrane consists of fatty substances arranged in a double layer called a lipid bilayer, which separates the intracellular material from the extracellular material

Front 14

functions of protein in the cell membrane

Back 14

allow certain molecules to enter or exit the cell, essential to structure, transporters for molecules, signal receptors and ion channels between cells

Front 15

describe cytoplasm

Back 15

a viscous liquid matrix that supports the internal cellular structures (organelles) and provides a convenient medium for intracellular transport of nutrients

Front 16

describe how the cell membrane regulates the composition of the cytoplasm

Back 16

the cell membrane consists of a complete set of neatly arranged molecules that is remarkably able to alter its structure, depending on the needs of the cell at any one time

Front 17

isotonic solution

Back 17

a solution that has the same osmotic pressure as the cells and body fluids (cell will stay the same size)

Front 18

hypotonic solution

Back 18

a solution with an osmotic pressure less than that of body fluid (cell will swell)

Front 19

hypertonic solution

Back 19

a solution with an osmotic pressure greater than that of body fluid (cell will shrink)

Front 20

mitosis vs meiosis

Back 20

mitosis is the division process of all normal cells that results in an identical daughter cell. meiosis is the division of sex cells (sperm and eggs) with a resulting cell containing half (23) chromosomes

Front 21

describe the four major categories of tissues

Back 21

epithelial- provides protection (skin) connective- binds other type of tissue together (extracellular matrix) muscle- creates movement (skeletal muscle) nerve- creates action (the brain)

Front 22

describe the differences of muscle

Back 22

skeletal muscle- is voluntary (consciously controlled) and striated, cardiac muscle is involuntary (not under control) and striated, smooth muscle is involuntary and nonstriated like the lining of blood vessels

Front 23

nervous tissue

Back 23

nervous tissue includes the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. peripheral nerves include all of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord, neurons are the main conducting cells of nervous tissue

Front 24

pleural membrane

Back 24

the visceral pleura lines the lungs, while the parietal pleura lines the rib cage with pleural fluid in between the two known as the pleural cavity

Front 25

pericardial membrane

Back 25

the heart is surrounded by a set of serous membranes known as the pericardium. the visceral lines the heart and the parietal is on the exterior, the space between the two membranes is the pericardial sac

Front 26

peritoneum-mesentery membrane

Back 26

the lining of the abdominal cavity, visceral pleura lining the internal organs which the parietal pleura exteriorly

Front 27

regions of the body

Back 27

axial region- consists of the head, neck, and trunk, appendicular region- includes the extremities and associated girdles

Front 28

list the organ systems

Back 28

integumentary, special sensory, lymphatic, endocrine, immune, reproductive, urinary, gastrointestinal, nervous, respiratory, circulatory, and musculoskeletal

Front 29

list the body cavities

Back 29

cranial cavity, spinal cavity, abdominal cavity, thoracic cavity, pelvic cavity

Front 30

organs-quadrants

Back 30

RUQ- liver, gallbladder, large and small intestines, LUQ- stomach, pancreas, spleen, large and small intestines, RLQ- intestines and bladder, LLQ- intestines and bladder

Front 31

function of the skeleton

Back 31

provides the essential functions of support, movement and protection for the structures of the body

Front 32

classification of bones

Back 32

bones are classified according to their shape. long bones are longer than wide (femur), short bones are approximates as broad as they are long (wrist), flat bones are relatively thin and flattened (skull)

Front 33

replacement of embryonic skeleton

Back 33

during fetal development the skeleton is formed from hyaline cartilage, which is then converted to bone

Front 34

nutrients necessary for bone growth

Back 34

bones consist of collagen and the mineral hydroxyapatite, a compound containing calcium and phosphate which are necessary for bone growth

Front 35

hormones involved in bone growth

Back 35

growth hormone (GH) produced by the pituitary gland works with thyroid hormones to control normal bone growth

Front 36

explain the importance of exercise for bones

Back 36

the level of a person's activity directly affects how the bones are remodeled, increased activity such as walking or running causes compact bone to thicken, opposite goes for inactivity= weaker bones

Front 37

list the two major subdivisions of the skeleton

Back 37

the axial skeleton consists of the skull, spinal column and the ribcage, the appendicular skeleton consists of the girdles and extremities (the pelvic and shoulder girdles attach the extremities to the axial skeleton)

Front 38

classification and example of joints

Back 38

immovable joint (suture in the cranium), slightly movable (articulation between vertebrae), ellipsodial joint (nearly hinge movement, restriction of rotation- joint between radius and carpals), plane or gliding joint (sliding in many directions- process between two vertebrae), hinge joint (wide range of movement- elbow), ball and socket joint (wide range of movement in any direction- shoulder), pivot joint (side to side movement- joint between atlas and axis)

Front 39

hemoglobin, myoglobin, oxygen debt and lactic acid

Back 39

they work together when you are exercising to give your muscles enough oxygen to function. the process requires oxygen replacement after the exercise, as a result you continue to breathe heavy after a workout

Front 40

describe the neuromuscular junction

Back 40

the junction between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber is called a neuromuscular junction or a neuromuscular synapse. at this junction the distal end of the nerve fiber forms the presynaptic terminal, and the proximal portion forms the post-synaptic terminal. the synaptic cleft lies in a small space in the neuromuscular junction between the nerve and muscle and is the space across which a nerve impulse is transmitted

Front 41

structure of a sarcomere

Back 41

myofilaments organized into units called sarcomeres, which are the repeating structural units of striated muscle fibrils. each sarcomere has a set of bands, each of which represents certain microscopic arrangements of myofilaments

Front 42

sliding filament theory

Back 42

during contraction, the sarcomere shorten as the actin myofilaments slide over the surface of the myosin and the two sets of myofilaments "crawl" over each other.

Front 43

polarization, depolarization and repolarization in terms of ions and charges

Back 43

for an action potential to occur the process needs a polarized cell which is a cell at rest, waiting to react to stimulus. depolarization of the polarized cell requires a trigger or minimum energy level. depolarization open channels into the cell, allowing sodium to rush inside the awaiting cell an action potential fires a stimulus surrounding cells. repolarization is the recovery phase during which sodium leaves the cell allowing the cell return to a polarized state

Front 44

muscle, tendon and bone

Back 44

the head or origin of a muscle is the end that is attached to the more stationary of the two bones. the insertion of the muscle is at the end attached to the bone doing the greatest movement. the largest portion of the muscle, between the origin and insertion is called the belly of the muscle. tough ropelike cords of fibrous tissue called tendons attach muscles to bone

Front 45

antagonistic and synergists muscles

Back 45

muscles that work together to accomplish a particular movement are called synergists. where as those working in opposition to other muscles are called antagonists

Front 46

energy for muscle contraction

Back 46

adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which converts to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) with release of energy. the metabolism of oxygen and various foodstuffs allows both to regenerate ATP to meet ongoing energy needs

Front 47

location of the heart

Back 47

located behind the sternum, in the mediastinum, in the space between the lungs

Front 48

chambers and vessels of the heart

Back 48

deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from vena cava, it is then pumped to the right ventricle and out to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries. blood returns to the left atrium from the pulmonary veins, which is ten pumped to the left ventricle, blood leaves the left ventricle to the rest of the body through the aorta

Front 49

valves of the heart

Back 49

tricuspid valve- separates the right atrium and ventricle, mitral (bicuspid) valve- separates the left atrium and ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve- separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary arteries, aortic semilunar valve- separates the left ventricle from the aorta

Front 50

heart sounds

Back 50

these sound are caused by contraction and relaxation of the heart, the flow of blood and movement of the heart valves. the first (S1) "lub" results from the sudden closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves in ventricular contraction (systole), the second and normally louder (S2) "dub" is caused by closure of the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves at the end of systole

Front 51

coronary circulation

Back 51

the heart like any other muscles requires oxygen and nutrients, these are supplied via the coronary arteries that arise from the aorta

Front 52

structure and function of blood vessels

Back 52

blood is carried out of the heart by arteries, these arteries branch into smaller arterioles, which branch into capillaries. blood returns through venules that merge into veins before returning to the heart

Front 53

capillaries

Back 53

due to their thin wall, capillaries allow oxygen and nutrients to pass out into the cells, as well as carbon dioxide and waste products to pass from cells into the capillaries

Front 54

major system arteries

Back 54

the ascending aorta arises from the left ventricle and consists of the left and right coronary arteries. the aorta then arches posteriorly to the left forming the aortic arch- branching off it are; brachicephalic, left common carotid and left subclavian arteries. the descending aorta travels down through the thorax and abdomen

Front 55

major systemic veins

Back 55

the inferior and superior vena cava supply blood to the vena cava right before entering the right atrium. the brachiocephalic, subclavian and jugular veins drain into the superior vena cava. the external ilia vein drains into the inferior vena cava

Front 56

blood pressure and ranges

Back 56

the pumping of blood into the systemic and pulmonary circulation during ventricular contraction is known as systole. during systole systole a pressure is created within the arteries is known as systolic blood pressure (normal adult is 110-140mmHg). a pressure also exists in the vessels suring diastole, the relaxation phase of the heart cycle and is called diastolic blood pressure (normal is 70-90mmHg)

Front 57

function of blood

Back 57

blood consists of plasma and cells that are suspended in the plasma. these cells are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. the purpose of blood is to carry oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and cell wastes away. white blood cells fight infection and platelets control bleeding

Front 58

lifespan of red blood cells

Back 58

erythropoiesis is the ongoing process by which red blood cells are made, approximately 25 trillion erythrocytes are in an adult circulation, 2.5 million are destroyed every second, they have a lifespan of 120 days, the cells destined for destruction decompose in the spleen and other tissues rich in macrophages

Front 59

ABO and Rh blood types

Back 59

type A blood contains erythrocytes with type A surface antigens and plasma containing type B antibodies; type B blood contains type B surface antigens and plasma containing type A antibodies. type AB blood contains both types of antigens but the plasma contains no ABO antibodies. type O contains neither A/B antigens but contains both A/B antibodies. Rh blood groups contain any of the 18 separate Rh antigens