Ch 6-7 Psychology

Front 1

Evolutionary Psychology

Back 1

Seeks to explain behavior in terms of its function.

Front 2

Instincts

Back 2

Unlearned Behaviors

Front 3

Ethology

Back 3

Seeks to study the behavior of animals in their natural habitat.

Front 4

Modal Action Patterns

Back 4

Behaviors, which are present in all members of a species.

Front 5

Reinforcement

Back 5

The ability of an object or action to make the actions that preceded it more likely to happen in the future.

Front 6

Punishment

Back 6

An event that makes the actions that preceded it less likely to happen in the future.

Front 7

Reticular Formation

Back 7

Lies in your brain stem; from there it sends projections onward to almost all parts of your brain, including the cerebral cortex, where your conscious awareness resides.

Front 8

Yerkes-Dodson arousal curve

Back 8

Seeks to explain the relationship between our level of arousal and our ability to perform.

Front 9

Arousal Homeostasis

Back 9

We all strive to be at our optimal level of arousal. People tend to find either too-low, or too-high levels of arousal are unpleasant.

Front 10

Homeostasis

Back 10

The concept that there's an optimal level for something- the concept applies to regulation of our bodies as well.

Front 11

(BMR) Basal Metabolic Rate

Back 11

The energy we consume when at rest.

Front 12

Energy Balance

Back 12

The ability to eat a sufficient amount of food to engage in all the activities that cost energy, including just sitting still.

Front 13

Set point

Back 13

Each of us seeks to maintain a certain body weight, or fat level. (May not be your ideal weight.)

Front 14

Hypothalamus

Back 14

The most important overall regulator of our eating behavior. Structures within are very important in regulating body weight. Also, a central station through which many other emotional behaviors, such as anger and parental affiliation project.

Front 15

Primary Reinforcers

Back 15

Food, water, sex, temperature, air, etc.

Front 16

Affiliation

Back 16

A strong need for social environment.

Front 17

Social Motivation

Back 17

The desire to connect with others.

Front 18

Intrinsic Motivation

Back 18

The idea of self-determination, that you push yourself to do your best, set your own schedule, but most of all, do well because it makes you feel good to know that you've performed your job with excellence and integrity.

Front 19

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Back 19

An organized pyramid filled with our needs, with our most basic desires at the bottom, and less urgent needs in successive layers up the pyramid.

Front 20

Basic Emotions

Back 20

Happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and surprise.

Front 21

Display Rules

Back 21

One reason is that each culture has elaborate rules about when it's okay to express particular emotions.

Front 22

Amygdala

Back 22

Becomes activated when people see pictures of others with fearful faces, or hear the non-verbal sounds of someone who is afraid.

Front 23

Frontal Cortex

Back 23

What stops you from making poor choices. Ex: slapping someone after they hurt or insult you..

Front 24

James-Lange theory of emotion

Back 24

States that the first thing that your body does is activate the sympathetic nervous system. Your conscious mind then perceives this arousal as indicative of fear. EX: The racing heart comes first, followed later by your sense that you are afraid.

Front 25

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Back 25

Stated you feel the emotion of fear, followed a bit later by the shaky sensations of your sympathetic activation.

Front 26

Facial-feedback hypothesis

Back 26

States that facial expressions associated with a specific emotion are responsible for our experience of that emotion.

Front 27

Two-Factor Theory of emotion

Back 27

Sympathetic nervous system arousal and a cognitive label for that arousal combine to create our emotional feeling.

Front 28

Cognitive appraisal theory of emotion

Back 28

States that each of us makes intuitive evaluations of what's going on in potentially emotional situations, and that the cognitive decision about that situation then either creates sympathetic arousal or not.

Front 29

Dialetic pairs

Back 29

Are opposing ideas that serve to expose the essential questions of a discipline. Ex: Determinism vs. free will, Nature vs. Nurture, Universality vs. Uniqueness, Proactive vs. Reactive, Static vs, Dynamic.

Front 30

Nature-Nurture

Back 30

What causes personality?

Front 31

Universality-Uniqueness

Back 31

Is everyone basically the same?

Front 32

Proactive-Reactive

Back 32

Are behaviors driven by inner or outer forces?

Front 33

Static-dynamic

Back 33

Do people change over time?

Front 34

Conscious

Back 34

Consists of the thoughts and feelings we notice ourselves having as we navigate the world.

Front 35

Preconscious

Back 35

Consists of thoughts that we ca bring into conscious thought when we want to.

Front 36

Unconscious

Back 36

A store of uncomfortable thoughts, feelings, desires and memories.

Front 37

Ego

Back 37

Contains our conscious experience of ourselves and the world, but it is also connected to our unconscious. Ego develops after birth as the self begins interacting with the real world.

Front 38

Superego

Back 38

Last structure of the mind to develop and consists of our internalized ideas.

Front 39

Psychic Conflict

Back 39

Occurs when two or more parts of the mind have incompatible urges.

Front 40

Oral

Back 40

Ages: 0 to 1

Bodily Focus: Mouth, Lips and Tongue

Developmental Theme: Dependency

Adult Fixation EX: Smoking, overeating, drinking.

Front 41

Anal

Back 41

Age: 1 to 3

Bodily Focus: Anus

Developmental Theme: Self-control and obedience

Adult Fixation EX: Orderliness, messiness.

Front 42

Phallic

Back 42

Ages: 3 to 6

Bodily Focus: Penis

Developmental Theme: Competition with opposite-sex parent, identification with same-sex parent.

Adult Fixation EX: Guilt or anxiety about sex

Front 43

Latency

Back 43

Ages: 6 to 12

Bodily Focus: None

Developmental Theme: Interaction with same-sex peers

Adult Fixation EX: None

Front 44

Genital

Back 44

Ages: 12+

Bodily Focus: Genitals

Developmental Theme: Creating and enriching life

Adult Fixation EX: None- problems at this stage result from fixations at earlier stages.

Front 45

Parapraxis

Back 45

The accidental leakage of the unconscious mind into observable behaviors.

Front 46

Projection Hypothesis

Back 46

States that if a person is presented with an ambiguous stimulus to interpret, the person's personality will be projected onto the stimulus.

Front 47

Projection Test

Back 47

A test that relies on the projection hypothesis to analyze someone's personality.

Front 48

Collective Unconscious

Back 48

A shared, inborn set of ideas and memories specific to each species that is inherited at birth.

Front 49

Archetypes

Back 49

Universal but they are expressed differently in each culture's mythology, folklore, art, and literature.

Front 50

Humanistic Perspective

Back 50

People have the innate potential to develop into healthy, productive individuals, unless they are somehow thwarted by their environment.

Front 51

Self-actualization

Back 51

The goal is to become a fully-functioning person who realizes her or his potential

Front 52

Real Self

Back 52

Consists of who we would become if unfettered by the demands of the outside world.

Front 53

Ideal Self

Back 53

Comes from our environment and those around us. The world's demand of who we should be.

Front 54

Unconditional positive regard

Back 54

The giving of acceptance and love to a person regardless of his or her behavior.

Front 55

Neuroticism

Back 55

The tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anxiety, guilt, sadness and anger.

High: worries who are easily distressed when things go wrong.

Low: Happy, confident, and self-assured.

Front 56

Extraversion

Back 56

The tendency to be externally oriented.

High: social, talkative, excitable, assertive, active and outgoing.

Low: inwardly focused.

Front 57

Openness

Back 57

The willingness to experience new and different things.

High: curious, adventurous, and prone to fantasy.

Low: Creative, open-minded and imaginative.

Front 58

Agreeableness

Back 58

The tendency to be cooperative and caring toward other people.

High: Warm, pleasant, friendly, trusting, kind-hearted and honest.

Low: cold, hostile, suspicious, rude and selfish.

Front 59

Conscientiousness

Back 59

The tendency to be responsible and disciplined.

High: work hard, strive for goals and persevere in the face of difficulty.

Low: Lazy, Messy, unreliable and disorganized.

Front 60

Self-Report Questionnaires

Back 60

Used to measure personality traits. Surveys ask people to respond to items with a limited number of responses.

Front 61

NEO Personality Inventory

Back 61

Survey where people indicate how much they think different verbal descriptions apply to them.

Front 62

Bandura's model

Back 62

Internal personal factors, behavioral factors and environmental factors.

Front 63

Mastery-experience

Back 63

When a person works hard and successfully completes a task.